Nomenclature, Origin, and History

Jersualem artichoke is native to North America, and Native Americans were the first to cultivate it — many years before the arrival of European explorers. The plant s two most frequently used common names, Jerusalem artichoke and topinambour, arose shortly after the crop s introduction into Europe in 1607 both are botanically inappropriate. H. tuberosus neither is related to the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) nor has any connection with the town of Jerusalem the latter derives from the Topinamboux, a South American tribe whose members first visited France in 1613 (Salaman, 1940). Sunchoke has been proposed as a more appropriate common name, but it has not been widely adopted. The nomenclature, origin, and history of H. tuberosus are the subject of Chapter 2. 

There are two general systems of nomenclature for fatty acids, as well as a few useful shorthand designations. Common names have their origins in history and are frequently used. Several examples are provided in table 18.1. Systematic names derive from the number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid for example, lauric acid is systematically known as dodecanoic acid. The parent hydrocarbon dodecane has 12 carbon atoms as does lauric acid. Several other examples are provided in table 18.1. 

Morawetz, H., Polymers The Origins and Growth of a Science, John WUey and Sons, 1985. Nomenclature of regular single-strand organic polymers. Pure Appl. Chem., 74(10), 1921, 2002. Seymour, R.B., History of Polymer Science and Technology, Marcel Dekker, 1982. 

The nomenclature of FA reflects the long history of their smdy and description. Most FA were originally described under trivial names prior to the adoption of the international molecular nomenclature rules in 1892 (Table 3.1). Even after adopting the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) system for nomenclature (lUPAC-IUB, 1977), the habit of assigning trivial names to FA continues. The basis of the systematic nomenclature system is an extension of that accepted for hydrocarbon (alkane/alkene) naming. Hence, the descriptive name is based on the number of carbon atoms contained in the molecule, with the suffix -e replaced with -oic acid. However, in most instances, FA are referred to by their formula notations. As is the case with systematic and trivial names, there exists an lUPAC accepted formula notation nomenclature and several earher versions (Table 3.2). Each system... 

Prandtl Z-M<7w/g (1875-1953) Ger. phys., founder of modern hydrodynamics and aerodynamics, proved sound barrier, boundary layer on moving surfaces in liquids, Prandtl number named after him Presl Jan Svatopluk (1791-1849) Czech, chem., originator of modern nomenclature in chemistry and botany Priestley Joseph (1733-1804) Brit, chem., phlogistonist, explained some composites of air, history of electricity and light Prigogine Ilya (1917-2003) Rus. bom Belgian phys. chemist, inventor of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, propagator of the theory of chaos ( La nouvelle alliance avec la nature )... 

---