Nitrogen shipment

Larger volume cycloaUphatic amines and diamines, their worldwide major manufacturers and approximate January 1990 prices are shown in Table 4. Shipment of these Hquid products is by nitrogen-blanketed tank tmck or tank car. Dmm shipments are usually in carbon steel, DOT-17E. 

Butadiene reacts readily with oxygen to form polymeric peroxides, which are not very soluble in Hquid butadiene and tend to setde at the bottom of the container because of their higher density. The peroxides are shock sensitive therefore it is imperative to exclude any source of oxygen from butadiene. Addition of antioxidants like /-butylcatechol (TBC) or butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) removes free radicals that can cause rapid exothermic polymerizations. Butadiene shipments now routinely contain about 100 ppm TBC. Before use, the inhibitor can easily be removed (247,248). Inert gas, such as nitrogen, can also be used to blanket contained butadiene (249). 

Stainless steel or epoxy-lined tank cars and tank tmcks are recommended for shipping. Aluminum also has been used. The tank can be flushed with carbon dioxide before loading and blanketed with nitrogen after loading. Dmm shipments are recommended in epoxy-lined open-head dmms fitted with a bung. Dimer acids and their by-products contaminated with iron or copper show accelerated color deterioration. Exposure to these metals or their salts should be minimised. 

Grouped according to duty the typical elements of a base-load plant are as shown in Figure 3 reception, acid gas removal, C02 cleaning, dehydration and mercury removal, liquefaction and fractionation, nitrogen removal, LNG storage and loading system for shipment as shown in [13,10],... 

To verify the membrane integrity prior to attempting separations, pure gas permeation rates for nitrogen and helium were determined and compared to the vendor s data supplied with the membrane. Figure 4 and Table V verify the vendor s data reasonably well for the only membrane which survived shipment and startup. The agreement of the nitrogen values is particularly indicative of the membrane s integrity. 

The values of nitrogen fertilizer shipments in the United States are summarized in Table 3.6. Both volume and price can affect these values, but these values give an indication of the economic impact of this industry. 

Table 3.6. Value of Nitrogen Fertilizer Shipments in the United States (Mil lions of Dollars)...

Coal. Illinois No. 6 coal from the Burning Star Mines was used in this study. It was obtained from Hydrocarbon Research, Inc., Trenton, New Jersey. It was crushed to ca. 70% through 100 mesh, dried to about 2% moisture, placed in plastic bags, and blanketed under nitrogen by HRI before shipment. Proximate and ultimate analyses of this coal appear in Table I. 

As many margarine plants in the United States are located at considerable distance from their suppliers, truck or rail shipment is required. Loading temperatures and whether the oil must be nitrogen blanketed are specihed. For truck deliveries, the temperature on arrival often is specihed to ensure that the oil is completely liquid. In order to minimize the possibilities for oil degradation, it is optimal to process and deodorize the oil blend at the margarine production location. 

Certain utilities are required to unload liquid fats. These include pressurized air or nitrogen for clearing the connecting line and hot water or steam for melting solidified fats. It is also advisable to insulate the unloading lines, even if the shipment is hot and liquid on arrival. A drain valve should be installed at the lowest point in the line to prevent accumulation of fats, which can solidify and cause a blockage. 

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