Nitrogen dioxide health effects

FIGURE 7.16 Health effects of indoor air pollution. Gaseous and partieulate eontaminants frequently found in indoor air pollution affect different parts of the respiratory system. Some, sueh as earbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, move from the lungs into the bloodstream. 

Linn WS, Solomon JC, Trim SC, et al Effects of exposure to 4ppm nitrogen dioxide in healthy and asthmatic volunteers. Arch Environ Health 40 234—239, 1985... 

The concentration of nitrogen oxides found in the air is almost always much less than these levels, and the health effects described here rarely occur except in accidents or spills in which nitrogen dioxide is released to the air. Instead, the most serious health consequences related to NO exposure occur indirectly, when nitrogen dioxide reacts with other air pollutants to form photochemical smog... 

W.C. Cooper, I.R. Tabershaw, Biologic effects of nitrogen dioxide in relation to air quality standards. Arch. Environ. Health. 10 455, 1965. 

On the basis of its review of human and experimental animal health-effects and related data, the subcommittee concludes that the Navy s proposed SEAL 1 of 0.5 ppm for nitrogen dioxide is too conservative. The subcommittee recom... 

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1990. Research and Development Health and Environmental Effects Document for Nitrogen Dioxide. ECAO-CING060. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. 133 pp. March. 

Goldstein, E., M.CEagle, and P.D.Hoeprich. 1973. Effect of nitrogen dioxide on pulmonary bacterial defense mechanisms. Arch. Environ. Health 26 202-204. 

Goldstein, I.F., K.Lieber, L.K.Andrews, F.Kazembe, G.Foutrakis, P.Huang, and C. Hayes. 1988. Acute respiratory effects of short-term exposures to nitrogen dioxide. Arch. Environ. Health 43(2) 138-142. 

Hackney, J.D., F.C.Thiede, W.S.Linn, E.E.Pedersen, C.E.Spier, D.C.Law, and D.A. Fischer. 1978. Experimental studies on human health effects of air pollutant. IV. Short-term physiological and clinical effects of nitrogen dioxide exposure. Arch. Environ. Health 33(4) 176-181. 

Hayashi, Y., T.Kohno, and H.Ohwada. 1987. Morphological effects of nitrogen dioxide on the rat lung. Environ. Health Perspect. 73 135—145. 

Henry, M.C., R.Ehrlich, and W.H.Blair. 1969. Effect of nitrogen dioxide on resistance of squirrel monkeys to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Arch. Environ. Health 18(4) 580—587. 

Hidekazu, F., and S.Fujio. 1981. Effects of acute exposure to nitrogen dioxide on primary antibody response. Arch. Environ. Health 36(3) 114—119. 

Kerr, H.D., T.I.Kulle, M.L.McIIhany, and P.Swidersky. 1978. Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide on Pulmonary Function in Human Subjects, An Environmental Chamber study. EPA/6001/1-78/025. Office of Research and Development, Health Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 20pp. 

The subcommittee recommends that additional research be conducted on the health effects of mixtures of the irritant gases—ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide. The subcommittee also recommends additional studies be conducted on the combined effects of hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide. 

Most health effects associated with nitrogen oxides (NOjc) are attributed to nitrogen dioxide. The main source of NOx in homes can be traced to gas stoves and heaters, where combustion takes place to produce heat. The combustion first produces NO, which then oxidizes rapidly to N02. High levels of N02 (approximately 150 ppm) can be lethal, while concentrations in the range of 50-150 ppm can produce lung disease. Lower concentrations may lead to eye, nose, and throat irritation. 

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