Nitrofurantoin metabolites

Nitrofurantoin SCr Only if renal function changing or unstable Nitrofurantoin metabolites may accumulate in renal insufficiency and lead to neuropathy avoid in CrCI less than 40 mL/minute... 

Some studies have shown similar metabolism of nitrofurantoin and other (carcinogenic) nitrofurans. Formation of carcinogenic nitrofurantoin metabolites is therefore possible (82). However, a carcinogenic effect has not been proven for nitrofurantoin (83). 

Moreno SNJ, Mason RP, and Docampo R, Reduction of nifurtimox and nitrofurantoin to free radical metabolites by rat hver mitochondria, J. Biol. Chem., 259, 6296, 1984. 

Verdon E, Couedor P, Sanders P, Multi-residue monitoring for the simultaneous determination of five nitrofurans (furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoine, nifursol) in poultry muscle tissue through the detection of their five major metabolites (AOZ, AMOZ, SEM, AHD, DNSAH) by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry—in-house validation in line with Commission Decision 657/2002/EC, Anal. Chim. Acta 2007 586(l-2) 336-347. 

The separations of nitrofurans have been carried out, in most instances, with a reversed phase (RP) column. As summarized in Table 1, Cig columns were selected as the analytical column for LC in most reports however, the use of a Cg, CN, and cyanopropyl-modified silica analytical column has also been described. The parent compounds, as well as their metabolites, are satisfactorily separated by Cig columns with commonly used mobile phases, such as mixtures of acetonitrile with phosphate buffer, acetate buffer, or water. The mobile phase elution for HPLC analysis can be isocratic or as a gradient system. Acetonitrile-0.1 M aqueous solution of sodium perchlorate (28 72), with 0.5% glacial acetic acid, was reported by Galeano Diaz " as an optimum mobile phase for the separation of the three nitrofuran derivatives nitrofurantoin, furazolidone, and furaltadone in milk. Lin et al." used an acetonitrile gradient with an initial hold time of 1 min at 0% acetonitrile. 

Typical HPLC chromatograms and UV-spectra, obtained by injecting standard mixtures of nitrofurans (fur-azohdone, furaltadone, nitroftirazone, and nitrofurantoin) and standard mixtures of nitrofuran metabolites (AOZ, AMOZ, AH, and SC), are presented in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. Fig. 4 shows a typical chromatogram and UV-spectra of standard mixtures of nitrofuran and its metabolites. Unfortunately, nitrofurantoin and furazolidone, as seen in Fig. 4, cannot be well separated. The optimization to separate the peaks at our laboratory is in progress. ... 

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