Nitriles cyanogen

The chemical speciation of cyanides varies according to their source. Specific terms used to describe cyanide include free cyanide, cyanide ion, simple cyanides, complex cyanides, nitriles, cyanogens, and total cyanide. The most common forms of cyanide in the environment are free cyanide, metallocyanide complexes, and synthetic nitriles. A brief description of each cyanide species follows (Smith et al. 1978, 1979 Towill et al. 1978 Egekeze and Oehme 1980 USEPA 1980, 1989 Davis 1981 Leduc 1981, 1984 Leduc etal. 1982 Simovic and Snodgrass 1985 Ballantyne 1987a Homan 1987 Marrs and Ballantyne 1987). 

Further examples of the Ritter reaction(cf. section IV.B) are provided by the many substituted olefins that may be protonated to ve carbonium ions which can be intercepted by hydrogen cyanide or organic nitriles cyanogen chloride can also be used as intercepting species , but offers no advantages. Mixtures of the two possible amides, and hence amines, are to be expected from non-terminal alkenes and from such olefinic compounds as oleic acid Olefins may also be converted to amines with yields of up to 60%, by hydroboration and subsequent reaction of the organoborane with chloroamine in alkaline solution or preferably with hydroxylamine-0-sulphonic acid in diglyme (reaction 86) The reaction is applicable... 

Nitrile Synthesis. Cyanogen bromide [506-68-3] condenses with toluene in the presence of aluminum chloride to give -tolunittile (129). 

Cyanogens Cyanogens Hydrogen cyanide Cyanogen chloride Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen iodide Acetonitrile Acrylic nitrile... 

Extensions of 1,3-dipolar additions of aromatic azides (720,721) to other enamines (636), and particularly to the enamine tautomer of SchilTs bases, were explored (722,723). Further nitrone additions were reported (724,725) and a double nitrile oxide added to an endiamine (647). Cyanogen azide and enamines gave cyanoamidines through rearrangement (726). 

The reaction between benzylidenetriphenylphosphorane and benzonitrile has been reinvestigated and the primary product (82) isolated. Stable ylides react similarly with activated nitriles, e.g. cyanogen and trifluoro-acetonitrile, but cyanomethylenetriphenylphosphorane with methyl cyano-formate gave largely the vinyl ether (83), the product of a normal olefin synthesis on the carbonyl of the ester group. 

A number of amidines have anthelmintic activity. Bunamidine (25), indicated for treatment of human pinworm infestations, is prepared from a-naphthylhexyl-ether (23) by Friedel-Crafts type reaction with cyanogen bromide and aluminum chloride to give nitrile (24). This, then, is reacted with the magnesium bromide salt of di-n-propylamine leading to the naph-thamidine structure (25). -... 

Siegler, D.S. and Brinker, A.M. (1993) Characterisation of cyanogenic glycoside, cyanolipids, nitroglycosides, organic nitro compounds and nitrile glycosides from plants, in Methods of Plant Biochemistry, Alkaloids and Sulfur Compounds (eds P.M. Dey and J.B. Harbome) Academic Press, pp. 51—93. 

The major fragmentation in mass spectra of 1,2,5-oxadiazoles is attributed to the loss of nitrile and nitrile oxide or expulsion of NO. The conversion of 3,4-dicyano-l,2,5-oxadiazole-2-oxide (3,4-dicyanofuroxan) 10 to cyanogen iV-oxide 11 (Equation 5) was investigated under the conditions of collisional activation (CA) and neutralization-reionization (NR) mass spectrometry. Flash vacuum thermolysis mass-spectrometry (FVT-MS) and flash vacuum thermolysis infra-red (FVT-IR) investigations of furoxans 10, 12, and 13 reveal that small amounts of cyano isocyanate accompany the formation of the main thermolysis product 11 <2000J(P2)473>. 

Figure 13.2 Biosynthetic pathways of (A) cyanogenic glucosides and (B) glucosinolates. The CYP79s are assumed to catalyze the same reaction in both pathways. It is not known whether the oxime is oxidized to an aci-nitro compound or a nitrile oxide in the glucosinolate pathway.

The present method is shorter and less laborious than previously described methods, and it gives better yields of material. The method is one of considerable scope,6-8 having been used with fair to excellent success with many tertiary alcohols or the corresponding alkenes, with benzyl alcohol, and with some secondary alcohols. Nitriles (except cyanogen and phenylacetonitrile) generally have been found to react at satisfactory rates and in good yield. 

D-Triazoles have been isolated from the reaction of several activated nitriles, such as cyanogen, cyanogen halides, methyl cyanoformate, and cyanic acid esters, with diazoalkanes. The reaction can formally be regarded as a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The v-triazoles may be... 

Synonyms Carbodiimide cyanoamine hydrogen cyanamide cyanogen nitride carbamo-nitrile... 

Nonactivated nitriles undergo cycloaddition with especially reactive nitrile oxides (e.g., trifluoro-acetonitrile oxide <84JOC919> or bromocyanogen oxide <89JHC23>, acylcyanide oxides <87JHC697>, or cyanogen monooxide (Equation (31)) <91IZV1916>. 

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