Cyanogen bromide Cyanuric chloride

Cyanogen bromide mefiiod Cyanuric chloride method Diazonium (azo) method Epoxy (bisoxirane) method Hydrazide method... 

Several other methods are proposed, such as use of coulomb force between anionic DNA and cationic particle (7), use of biospecific affinity between biotin-labeled DNA and avidin-carrying particle (8), etc. Other methods for immobilization of DNA on the particle include reactions using cyanogen bromide, glutaraldehyde, and cyanuric chloride (9). 

Cyanuric halides are readily synthesized from the cyanogen halides. Cyanuric fluoride is formed at room temperature, whilst cyanuric chloride and cyanuric bromide are prepared... 

All four cyanogen halides are known. The fluoride is a gas at ordinary temperatures and is prepared by pyrolysis of (FCN)3 which in turn is made from (ClChOa and NaF in tetramethylene sulphone. The chloride is a liquid boiling at 14-5°C which readily polymerizes to cyanuric chloride, CI3C3N3, and is prepared by the action of chlorine on metal cyanides or HCN. The bromide and iodide, also prepared from halogens and alkali cyanides, form colourless crystals. All four halides have been studied in the vapour state and all except FCN also in the crystalline state (Table 21.9). 

Tribromo-l,3,5-triazine (cyanuric bromide) has no industrial importance. It is prepared in 60% yield by the addition of aluminum tribromide to a solution of cyanogen bromide in nitromethane at 40 - 60"C.220 Cyanuric iodide, which cannot be prepared by the trimeriza-tion of cyanogen iodide, can be obtained by the halogen-exchange reaction of cyanuric chloride and hydrogen iodide (cf. Section 2.3.1.5.5.l.l.l.)221... 

Figure 14-1 Functionalization and activation of electrode materials, a) silanization of supports bearing hydroxylic groups b) reaction with cyanuric chloride c) activation with cyanogen bromide d) binding via amide bonds after activation with 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole e) activation with good leaving groups such as tresyl chloride f) formation of Schiff bases between aldehyde groups on the support and amino groups at the biomolecule g) activation of carboxylic groups with carbodiimides or h) via the acid chlorides.

Cyanogen chloride is a colorless, very poisonous liquid, which boils at 15.5 . It was used to a limited degree as a war-gas cyanogen bromide was also tried but did not come into general use. Cyanogen chloride polymerizes readily to cyanuric chloride, C3N3CI3, a solid which melts at 146 . Cyanogen chloride and ammonia interact and form cyanamide —... 

A series of substituted trans-stilbene derivatives have been prepared and immobilized on a quartz surface [19]. Several immobilization methods have been tried including the silanization technique, cross-linking with cyanuric chloride, surface activation with cyanogen bromide, and surface smoothing with coating proteins. 

Immobilization Method. For the immobUization of proteins, a selection of amino, hydroxy, mercapto, and carboxy group spedfic methods should be used. For example, cyanogen bromide, tresyl, N-hydroxysucdriiriiide, epoxy, divinyl-sulfone, cyanuric chloride, and carbodiimide. The most promising method can then be further optimized. 

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