Nitric biogenic

Denitrification involves the sequential formation of nitrite, nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide. Two aspects of nitric oxide have attracted attention (a) chemical oxidation of biogenic nitric oxide to Nq, in the context of increased ozone formation (Stohl et al. 1996) and (b) the physiological role in mammalian systems (Feldman et al. 1993 Stuehr et al. 2004), in parasitic infections (James 1995), and in the inhibition of bacterial respiration (Nagata et al. 1998). Nitric oxide may be produced microbiologically in widely different reactions such as... 

There are also significant natural sources of oxides of nitrogen, in particular nitric oxide, which is produced by biomass burning as well as by soils where nitrification, denitrification, and the decomposition of nitrite (N02) contribute to NO production. Figure 2.4b, for example, shows the relative emission rates for biogenically produced NO in the United States in 1990 (EPA, 1995). 

Aneja, V. P P. Roelle, and W. P. Robarge, Contribution of Biogenic Nitric Oxide in Urban Ozone Raleigh, NC, as a Case Study, Atmos. Environ., 31, 1531-1537 (1997). 

Sand, W. Bock, E. (1991a). Biodeterioration of mineral materials by microorganisms -Biogenic sulphuric and nitric-acid corrosion of concrete and natural stone. Geomicrobiology Journal, 9, 129-38. 

Anderson I. C., Levine J. S., Poth M. A., and Riggan P. J. (1988) Enhanced biogenic emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide following surface biomass burning. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 3893-3898. 

Anderson, I.C. and J.S. Levine, Simultaneous field measurements of biogenic emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide,/. Geophys. Res., 92, 965-976, 1987. 

Roelle, P.A., V.P. Aneja, B. Gay, C. Geron, and T. Pierce, Biogenic nitric oxide emissions from cropland soils,... 

Fig. 2.26 The biogeochemical nitrogen cycle. A ammonia synthesis (man-made N fixation), B oxidation of ammonia (indnstrial prodnction of nitric acid), C fertilizer application, D formation of NO due to high-temperature processes, E Oxidation of N2O within the stratosphere, F oxidation of NO within the troposphere, G ammonia deposition and transformation into ammonium, H biogenic emission, I biogenic N fixation, K denitrification, L nitrification, M assimilation (biogenic formation of amino adds), N mineralization. RNH2 organic bonded N (e. g. amines).

A similar procedure was also successful in the case of biogenic nitric acid corrosion... 

As for the primary trace chemical species in the remote natural atmosphere where there is no influence of anthropogenic activities, methane (CH4) emitted from lakes and marshes, biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), nitric oxide (NO) from natural soils and lightning, dimethyl sulfide (DMS) from marine organisms, O3 descended from the stratosphere can be conceived. Among them, the most important chemical species that is subjected to photolysis by the actinic flux (see Sect. 3.5) in the troposphere is O3 and NO2 (see Sects. 4.2.1 and 4.2.2). 

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