Nitrate aqueous chemistry

Aqueous chemistry is also important in our environment. In recent years contamination of the groundwater by substances such as chloroform and nitrates has been widely publicized. Water is essential for life, and the maintenance of an ample supply of clean water is crucial to all civilization. 

In aqueous chemistry it has been observed that metals such as aluminium or zinc, which will not dissolve in water can be dissolved in basic solutions. Likewise the presence of diethylammonium nitrate in dinitrogen tetroxide will promote the solubility of zinc in this solvent ... 

Bismuth nitrate is identified in several sources as a form of bismuth white (. v.) (Harley, 1982 Colour Index, 1971). However, the aqueous chemistry of bismuth (Bp ) in the presence of the nitrate ion gives rise to a range of compoimds from acid solutions, for example, it is possible to form Bi(N03)3.5H20, while treatment of Bi203 with HNO3 gives basic salts such as Bi0(N03) and Bi202(0H)(N03) (Cotton et al, 1999). 

Silver has little tendency to formally lose more than one electron its chemistry is therefore almost entirely restricted to the + 1 oxidation state. Silver itself is resistant to chemical attack, though aqueous cyanide ion slowly attacks it, as does sulphur or a sulphide (to give black Ag S). hence the tarnishing of silver by the atmosphere or other sulphur-containing materials. It dissolves in concentrated nitric acid to give a solution of silver(I) nitrate. AgNOj. 

Molten salt extraction residues are processed to recover plutonium by an aqueous precipitation process. The residues are dissolved in dilute HC1, the actinides are precipitated with potassium carbonate, and the precipitate redissolved in nitric acid (7M) to convert from a chloride to a nitrate system. The plutonium is then recovered from the 7M HNO3 by anion exchange and the effluent sent to waste or americium recovery. We are studying actinide (III) carbonate chemistry and looking at new... 

Vione D, V Maurino, C Minero, E Pelizzetti (2005) Aqueous atmospheric chemistry formation of 2,4-nitrophenol upon nitration of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitroophenol in solution. Environ Sci Technol 39 7921-7931. 

Figure 13. Specific 2-CP (open symbols) and 2,4-DCP (solid symbols) hydrodechlorination rate constant K) as a function of the average Ni particle diameter ( nO for reaction over Ni catalysts prepared via impregnation with nitrate (0,0), deposition-precipitation (A,A) and impregnation with nickel ethanediamine ( , ) r= 423K reaction data refer to aqueous solutions. (Reprinted from Reference [147], 2003, with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry).

The monovalent Co chemistry of amines is sparse. No structurally characterized example of low-valent Co complexed exclusively to amines is known. At low potentials and in non-aqueous solutions, Co1 amines have been identified electrochemically, but usually in the presence of co-ligands that stabilize the reduced complex. At low potential, the putative monovalent [Co(cyclam)]+ (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) in NaOH solution catalyzes the reduction of both nitrate and nitrite to give mixtures of hydroxylamine and ammonia.100 Mixed N-donor systems bearing 7r-acceptor imine ligands in addition to amines are well known, but these examples are discussed separately in Section 6.1.2.1.3. 

Alfassi, Z. B S. Padmaja, P. Neta, and R. E. Huie, Rate Constants for Reactions of NO, Radicals with Organic Compounds in Water and Acetonitrile, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 3780-3782 (1993). Allen, H. C., J. M. Laux, R. Vogt, B. J. Finlayson-Pitts, and J. C. Hemminger, Water-Induced Reorganization of Ultrathin Nitrate Films on NaCI—Implications for the Tropospheric Chemistry of Sea Salt Particles, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 6371-6375 (1996). Allen, H. C., D. E. Gragson, and G. L. Richmond, Molecular Structure and Adsorption of Dimethyl Sulfoxide at the Surface of Aqueous Solutions, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 660-666 (1999). Anthony, S. E R. T. Tisdale, R. S. Disselkamp, and M. A. Tolbert, FTIR Studies of Low Temperature Sulfuric Acid Aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1105-1108 (1995). 

It is known from studies carried out over many decades that oxides of nitrogen at high concentrations dissolve in aqueous solution and react to form species such as nitrate and nitrite. With the focus on acid deposition and the chemistry leading to the formation of nitric and sulfuric acids during the 1970s and 1980s, a great deal of research was carried out on these reactions at much lower concentrations relevant to atmospheric conditions (for reviews, see Schwartz and White, 1981, 1983 and Schwartz, 1984). 

As expected based on our knowledge of gas-phase chemistry, in addition to the Fenton type chemistry involving iron, photolysis of Os, H202, HONO, and HNO-, are all potential OH sources in clouds and fogs. In addition, the photolysis of nitrite, nitrate, and HOJ in aqueous solutions can also form OH. In short, there are many potential sources of OH in clouds and fogs. 

Challis, B. C., and Kyrtopoulos, S. A. (1978). The chemistry of nitroso comptiunds. Part 12. The mechanism of nitrosation and nitration of aqueous piperidine hy gaseous dinitrogen tetraoxide and dinitrogen trioxide in aqueous alkaline solutions. Evidence for the existence of molecular isomers of dinitrogen tetraoxide and dinitrogen trioxide. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 1296-1302. 

Anodic oxidation of a mixture of an aldehyde and an activated ester in aqueous acetonitrile containing lithium nitrate results in addition of two acyl groups derived from the aldehyde across the C=C double bond. These diacylated substances exhibit a diverse chemistry (Scheme 17)94. 

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