Nicotine replacement therapy NRT

A range of nicotine replacement products is available to help smokers give up. 

associations that reinforce the habit they can be positive (e.g. following meals) or negative (e.g. stressful situations) 

ritual behaviour associated with lighting, holding and inhaling a cigarette, which the smoker associates with the reward of a dose of nicotine. 

left on for 24 hours, providing a residual nicotine level the next morning that may be better for smokers who crave a cigarette as soon as they wake up 

used for 16 hours daily during waking hours only 24-hour patches can produce sleep disturbances, usually avoided with the 16-hour patch. 

---

Symptomatic detoxification from nicotine is achieved with any of the currently available nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) or a combination thereof.25 Several CNS neurotransmitters... 

Interventions are more effective when they last greater than 10 minutes, involve contact with a professional, provide at least four to seven sessions, and provide nicotine-replacement therapy (NRT). Group and individual counseling is effective, and interventions are more successful when they include social support and training in problem-solving, stress management, and relapse prevention. 

The most direct way to help people manage the symptoms of nicotine dependence and withdrawal is therapeutic use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) (Fiore et al. 2000 Henningfleld 1995 American Psychiatric Association 1996). Nicotine has been shown to be the main active ingredient in tobacco that causes and sustains addiction to tobacco (US Department of Health and Human Services 1988). Laboratory research has demonstrated that animals (Goldberg et al. 1983) and humans (Henningfleld et al. 1983) who have been chronically exposed to nicotine or tobacco smoke will self-administer nicotine infusions. It should be noted that other constituents in tobacco, such as MAO inhibitors (Fowler et al. 1996a, b), may also play a role in tobacco dependence. The potential role of alkaloids other than nicotine has not been ruled out. This is consistent with the observations that what has been termed tobacco delivered nicotine is more addictive and toxic than formulations provided by nicotine replacement medications (Royal College of Physicians 2000). 

In 2002 a systematic review of published studies was performed to determine the effectiveness of the different forms of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT e.g., chewing gum, transdermal patches, nasal spray, inhalers, and tablets) in achieving abstinence from cigarettes or a sustained reduction in the amount smoked. The review was also designed to determine whether the effect is influenced by the clinical setting in which the smoker is recruited and treated, the dosage and form of the NRT used, or the intensity of additional advice and support offered to the smoker to determine whether combinations of NRT are more effective than one type alone and to determine its effectiveness compared to other pharmacotherapies. 

Mills EJ, Wu P, Lockhart I, Wilson K, Ebbert JO. Adverse effects associated with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation. A systematic review and meta-analysis of one hundred and twenty studies, involving 177 390 individuals. Tob Indue Dis 2010 8(1) 8-14. 

Smoker / Brief intervention Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) Refer to Smoking Cessation Clinic... 

---