Nicotinamide-adenine nucleotide, reduced NADH

P-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced di-Na salt trihydrate (reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide sodium salt, NADH) [606-68-8] M 763.5, pK as for NAD. 

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced disodium salt trihydrate (reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide sodium salt, NADH) [606-68-8/ M 763.5. This coenzyme is available in high purity and it is advised to buy a fresh preparation rather than to purify an old sample as purification will invariably lead to a more impure sample contaminated with the oxidised form (NAD). It has... 

Pyruvate is reduced to 1-lactate by reduced nicotinamide-adenine-nucleotide (NADH) in the presence of lactate-deshydrogenase ... 

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced tetrasodium salt (reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide phosphate sodium salt, NADPH) [2646-71-1] M 833.4, pK as for NADP. Mostly similar to NADH above. 

Nicotinamide is an essential part of two important coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD ) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP ) (Figure 18.19). The reduced forms of these coenzymes are NADH and NADPH. The nieotinamide eoenzymes (also known as pyridine nucleotides) are electron carriers. They play vital roles in a variety of enzyme-catalyzed oxidation-reduction reactions. (NAD is an electron acceptor in oxidative (catabolic) pathways and NADPH is an electron donor in reductive (biosynthetic) pathways.) These reactions involve direct transfer of hydride anion either to NAD(P) or from NAD(P)H. The enzymes that facilitate such... 

Autofluorescence of cells often complicates the studies with fluorescence microscopy (especially the application of green fluorescent substances). There are different reasons for the occurrence of this phenomenon (157) (i) the fluorescent pigment lipofuscin, which settles with rising age in the cytoplasm of cells (ii) cell culture medium, which often contains phenol red that increases autofluorescence (iii) endogen substances such as flavin coenzymes [flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FDA), flavin mononucleotide (FMN) absorp-tion/emission 450/515nm], pyridine nucleotides [reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) absorption/emission 340/460nm] or porphyrine (iv) substances taken up by cells (as mentioned above filipin) and (v) preparation of the cells fixation with glutaraldehyde increases autofluorescence. 

In view of the oxidant nature of ozone, a number of investigators have evaluated its effects on intracellular compounds that are normally active in cellular redox reactions. Attention has focused particularly on reduced pyridine nucleotides—reduced nicotinamide adenine dinudeotide (NADH) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)— and on sulfhydryl compounds, specifically reduced glutathione (GSH). 

The technique has been used to separate breakdown products of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in acidic solution and to establish the reaction mechanism (415). It has also been used to monitor enzyme rates of reaction when at least one reactant is a nucleotide (416-418). 

Streptozocin (Zanosar), a water-soluble nitrosourea produced by the fungus Streptomyces achromogenes, acts through methylation of nucleic acids and proteins. In addition, it produces rapid and severe depletion of the pyridine nucleotides nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its reduced form (NADH) in liver and pancreatic islets. 

In biological redox reactions, electrons are transferred to electron acceptors such as the nucleotide NAD+/NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in its oxi-dized/reduced form). 

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD and its reduced form dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)) as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP and its reduced form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH)) are essential co-factors for many dehydrogenases. The presence of NAD was first demonstrated in P. gallinaceum (Speck and Evans, 1945) and later studies showed increased levels of these pyridine nucleotides in P. lophurae, P. berghei and P. falciparum. Trager (1977) reported that high levels of... 

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD ) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP ) are pyridine nucleotides, first identified by O. Warburg in 1935. NAD is the coenzyme involved in dehydrogenase reactions and is reduced to NADH during the process. 

Since the word nucleotide refers to a carbohydrate molecule containing a single monosaccharide residue, the name of NAD+ indicates two monosaccharide residues (riboses) on the compound. In contrast to nucleotides in a polynucleotide chain such as RNA, the two nucleotides are joined. While one of the nucleotides contains an adenine moiety (as in ATP, Fig. 10-2,) the other nucleotide has a nicotinamide moiety. It is this part of NAD+ that receives a hydrogen atom from a fuel molecule, reducing it to NADH. 

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