Nickel toxicokinetic

English, J.C., Parker, R.D.R., R.P. Sharma, and S.G. Oberg. 1981. Toxicokinetics of nickel in rats after intratracheal administration of a soluble and insoluble form. Amer. Indus. Hygiene Assoc. Jour. 42 486-492. 

Novelli, E.B. and N.L. Rodrigues. 1991. Nickel chloride potential accumulation from the airway. Toxicokinetics in rats. Bolet. Estud. Medicos Biol., Univ. Nacion. Auto. Mexico 39 15-20. 

These experts collectively have knowledge of nickel s physical and chemical properties, toxicokinetics, key health end points, mechanisms of action, human and animal exposure, and quantification of risk to humans. All reviewers were selected in conformity with the conditions for peer review specified in Section 104(i)(13) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, as amended. 

The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective on the toxicology of nickel. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic data to public health. 

The Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA) is sponsoring research to develop toxicokinetic models to be used to predict health effects in humans and is comparing the toxicokinetic properties of nickel in various animal species. 

Nielsen GD, Andeesen O and Jensen M (1993) Toxicokinetics of nickel in mice studied with the gamma-emitting isotope Ni. Eund Appl Toxicol 21 236-243. 

Copper interacts with numerous compounds normally found in natural waters. The amounts of the various copper compounds and complexes present in solution depend on water pH, temperature, and alkalinity and on the concentrations of bicarbonate, sulfide, and organic ligands. In animals, copper interacts with essential trace elements such as iron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, nickel, and selenium and also with nonessential elements including silver, cadmium, mercury, and lead interactions may be either beneficial or harmful to the organism. The patterns of copper accumulation, metabolism, and toxicity from these interactions frequently differ from those produced by copper alone. Acknowledgment of these interactions is essential for understanding copper toxicokinetics. 

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