Nickel excretion

Ho, W. and A. Furst. 1973. Nickel excretion by rats following a single treatment. Proc. Western Pharmacol. Soc. 16 245-248. 

Smith-Sivertsen, T., V. Tchachtchine, E. Lund, V. Bykov, Y. Thomassen, and T. Norseth. 1998. Urinary nickel excretion in populations living in the proximity of two Russian nickel refineries a Norwegian-Russian population-based study. Environ. Health Perspec. 106 503-511. 

The manner of nickel excretion depends on the route of exposure and the physiochemical properties of the nickel-containing material. In rodents, the major excretion pathway for absorbed nickel is renal about 90% of an administered dose is excreted according to this mechanism [281, 315]. 

Only a few percent of an injected dose of nickel is excreted via the gastrointestinal tract in the rat [315], In humans, there is indirect evidence of a significant biliary contribution to nickel excretion [263]. 

Horak E, Sunderman FW Jr. 1973. Fecal nickel excretion by healthy adults. Clin Chem 19 429-430. 

Menne T, Thorboe A. 1976. Nickel dermatitis—nickel excretion. Contact Dermatitis 2 353-354. 

Nickel retention in the body of mammals is low. The half-time residence of soluble forms of nickel is several days, with little evidence for tissue accumulation except in the lung (USEPA 1980, 1986). Radionickel-63 (63Ni) injected into rats and rabbits cleared rapidly most (75%) of the injected dose was excreted within 24 to 72 h (USEPA 1980). Nickel clears at different rates from various tissues. In mammals, clearance was fastest from serum, followed by kidney, muscle, stomach, and uterus relatively slow clearance was evident in skin, brain, and especially lung (Kasprzak 1987). The half-time persistence in human lung for insoluble forms of nickel is 330 days (Sevin 1980). 

Normal spleen lymphocyte function Maximum nickel concentrations in tissues (in mg/kg FW) were reached in blood (19.8) and placentas (3.9) 2 h following injection those in liver (4.9), spleen (1.3), and kidneys (56.2) were reached 4 h after injection and maximum concentration in fetal tissues (1.1) was reached after 8 h. Authors estimate that all nickel is excreted in 42 to 84 h Immunosuppression in spleen lymphocyte function LD50 (48 h)... 

Nickel chloride 1.0 mg/kg BW examined 6 and 72 h after injection At 6 h, tissue nickel concentrations were elevated in kidneys, lungs, adrenals, liver, pancreas, spleen, heart, and testes, in that order by 72 h, 90% of the nickel was excreted, mostly (75%) in the urine 7... 

Elevated (near nickel mine) Urine nickel carbonyl More than 4.6 pg/L, excretion of 7.9 pg daily 22... 

Daabees, A.Y., N.A. El Domiaty, A.M. Hilmy, A.M. Awadallah, and E.M.A. Taleb. 1991. Mortality, distribution and excretion of cobalt and nickel administered subcutaneously to toads. Jour. Medical Res. Inst. (Egypt) 12 185-201. 

The half-time for urinary excretion of nickel decreases with increasing dose. About 78% of an injected dose of nickel salts was excreted in the urine during... 

Nielsen et al. (1990) fed 12 women with hand eczema and known allergy to nickel a diet (oatmeal, soy beans, cocoa) with five times the normal level of nickel (about 0.007 mg/kg/day) for 4 days. An aggravation of hand eczema was found in 6/12 by day 4 after the start of the challenge, and although excess nickel was excreted by 2 days after the last treatment, further exacerbation of hand eczema was... 

Santucci et al. (1994) gave increasing daily doses of nickel (0.01-0.03 mg/kg/day) as nickel sulfate to eight nickel-sensitive women for up to 178 days. A significant clinical improvement in hand eczema was observed in all subjects after 1 month of treatment, and continued treatment resulted in healing of all dermal lesions except for those on the hands. Measurement of urine and serum nickel suggested a decrease in the absorption of nickel and an increase in the excretion of nickel with longer exposure. 

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