Nickel catalysts, in hydrogenation

High yields of primary amines have also been obtained over cobalt boride as catalyst,26,53,54 which has been found to be not only highly selective but also less inhibited by solvent and ammonia than other cobalt and nickel catalysts in hydrogenation of nitriles.26 The hydrogenation of propionitrile in isopropyl alcohol over cobalt boride (5% on C) in the presence of 15 1 molar ratio of ammonia to the nitrile gave propylamine in a high yield of 99% (eq. 7.29). 

Effects of Potassium on the Catalytic Behavior of Coked Nickel Catalysts in Hydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis Reactions... 

EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM ON THE CATALYTIC BEHAVIOR OF COKED NICKEL CATALYSTS IN HYDROGENATION AND HYDROGENOLYSIS REACTIONS... 

Decreasing of the active surface by sintering and recrystallization processes. Example is the decrease of the active nickel surfaces through recrystallization on alumina-supported nickel catalysts in hydrogenation reactions. 

Reactions with Ammonia and Amines. Acetaldehyde readily adds ammonia to form acetaldehyde—ammonia. Diethyl amine [109-87-7] is obtained when acetaldehyde is added to a saturated aqueous or alcohoHc solution of ammonia and the mixture is heated to 50—75°C in the presence of a nickel catalyst and hydrogen at 1.2 MPa (12 atm). Pyridine [110-86-1] and pyridine derivatives are made from paraldehyde and aqueous ammonia in the presence of a catalyst at elevated temperatures (62) acetaldehyde may also be used but the yields of pyridine are generally lower than when paraldehyde is the starting material. The vapor-phase reaction of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and ammonia at 360°C over oxide catalyst was studied a 49% yield of pyridine and picolines was obtained using an activated siHca—alumina catalyst (63). Brown polymers result when acetaldehyde reacts with ammonia or amines at a pH of 6—7 and temperature of 3—25°C (64). Primary amines and acetaldehyde condense to give Schiff bases CH2CH=NR. The Schiff base reverts to the starting materials in the presence of acids. 

The catalytic hydrogenation of D-glucose to D-sorbitol is carried out at elevated temperature and pressure with hydrogen ia the preseace of nickel catalysts, in both batch and continuous operations, with >97% yield (56,57). The cathodic reduction of D-glucose to L-sorbitol has been practiced (58). D-Mannitol is a by-product (59). 

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis The best-known technology for producing hydrocarbons from synthesis gas is the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. This technology was first demonstrated in Germany in 1902 by Sabatier and Senderens when they hydrogenated carbon monoxide (CO) to methane, using a nickel catalyst. In 1926 Fischer and Tropsch were awarded a patent for the discovery of a catalytic technique to convert synthesis gas to liquid hydrocarbons similar to petroleum. 

In a stainless steel hydrogenation bottle were placed 17.6 g (0.1 mol) of 4-(p-methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one, 80 ml of ethyl acetate, and 1 g of Raney nickel catalyst. The hydrogenation bottle was attached to a Paar low-pressure hydrogenation apparatus and the solution was hydrogenated under an initial hydrogen pressure of 50 psi. The hydrogenation was carried out at room temperature and after about 12 hours one equivalent of hydrogen had been absorbed. The catalyst was filtered from the reduction mixture and 18.1 g (0.1 mol) of homoveratrylamine were added to the reduction mixture. 

When the conditions are controlled properly, Zn can mediate the reduction of the C-C double bond of a, (3-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in the presence of a nickel catalyst in aqueous ammonium chloride (Eq. 10.7). The use of ultrasonication enhances the rate of the reaction.15 Sodium hydrogen telluride, (NaTeH), prepared in situ from the reaction of... 

The first palladium-catalyzed formation of aryl alkyl ethers in an intermolecular fashion occurred between activated aryl halides and alkoxides (Equation (28)), and the first formation of vinyl ethers occurred between activated vinyl halides and tin alkoxides (Equation (29)). Reactions of activated chloro- and bromoarenes with NaO-Z-Bu to form /-butyl aryl ethers occurred in the presence of palladium and DPPF as catalyst,107 while reactions of activated aryl halides with alcohols that could undergo /3-hydrogen elimination occurred in the presence of palladium and BINAP as catalyst.110 Reactions of NaO-/-Bu with unactivated aryl halides gave only modest yields of ether when catalyzed by aromatic bisphosphines.110 Similar chemistry occurred in the presence of nickel catalysts. In fact, nickel catalysts produced higher yields of silyl aryl ethers than palladium catalysts.108 The formation of diaryl ethers from activated aryl halides in the presence of palladium catalysts bearing DPPF or a CF3-subsituted DPPF was also reported 109... 

The hydrogenation of acetone to isopropanol with a Raney nickel catalyst in a slurry reactor at 14 C and 10 atm was found to be of half order with respect to hydrogen (Lemcoff Jameson, AJChE Journal 21 730, 1975). These... 

The catalytic hydrogenation of isoxazolones (408) over 10% Pd—C or Raney-nickel catalysts in ethanol gave the half-esters of aminomethyl-enemalonates (409) in good yields (74G715). The half-esters (409) were... 

When the hydrochloride salt of 2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-l//-pyridazino [1,6-a]quinoline was subjected to catalytic hydrogenation in ethanol over Pt02, 3-[2-(l,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolyl)]propylamine was obtained (66YZ608). Catalytic reduction of perhydropyrido[l,2-ft]pyridazine over a skeletal nickel catalyst in ethanol at 30 atm gave ring-opened 2-(3-aminopropyl)piperidine (66KGS91). 

Nickel acetylacetonate is used as a catalyst in hydrogenation and other organic reactions. 

Nickel and other transition metal catalysts, when modified with a chiral compound such as (R,R)-tartaric acid 5S), become enantioselective. All attempts to modify solid surfaces with optically active substances have so far resulted in catalysts of only low stereoselectivity. This is due to the fact that too many active centers of different structures are present on the surface of the catalysts. Consequently, in asymmetric hydrogenations the technique of homogeneous catalysis is superior to heterogeneous catalysis56). However, some carbonyl compounds have been hydrogenated in the presence of tartaric-acid-supported nickel catalysts in up to 92% optical purity55 . 

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