New technology

New technologies for safeguards purposes could address missing capabilities in routine verification tools and could enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of present verification systems. Instrumentation based on new technologies might be in its final development stage 

Self-interrogation neutron resonance densitometry (SINRD) uses the unique neutron-resonance cross-sectional structure for fissionable nuclides such as Pu, and 

The delayed neutron technique quantifies the fissile content in a spent fuel assembly by measuring the delayed neutrons emitted by fission fragments after active interrogation by 

Self-induced X-ray fluorescence (XRF) can be used to quantify the Pu content in spent fuel (Charlton et al. 2009). The radioactive decay in the spent fuel leads to self-induced XRF of uranium and plutonium atoms in the fuel and resulting X-rays are then emitted by the fuel. It has been demonstrated by measurements and simulations that the Pu/U atom ratio at the surface of a fuel pin can be measured in an appropriately designed and implemented instrument using the 103.7 keV K X-ray from Pu. 

The laser-based optical and chemical imager (LOCI) is a unique instrument that combines accurate isotope ratio analyses obtained both by laser desorption Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) and by LIBS without any sample preparation (Scott and Mcjunkin 2009). A single photon ionization (SPI) process is implemented allowing near 100% ionization efficiency for elements and compounds with ionization energies less than 10.5 eV. The FTICR-MS and LIBS isotope capability coupled with LOCI s wide mass range, mapping capability, high resolution, and automated data collection as well as data interpretation offers an alternative to the labor-intensive bulk analysis of traditional methods. 

Future developments in the field of optimization will undoubtedly be influenced by recent interest and rapid developments in new technologies— powerful vector and parallel machines. Indeed, their exploitation for algorithm design and solution of grand challenge applications15 16 is expected to bring new advances in the field of computational chemistry, in particular. 

In general, one of the first steps in optimizing codes for these architectures is implementation of standard basic linear algebra subroutines (BLAS). These routines—continuously being improved, expanded, and adapted optimally to more machines—perform operations such as dot products (xTy) and 

With increased computer storage and speed, the feasible methods for solution of very large (e.g., O(105) or more variables) nonlinear optimization problems arising in important applications (macromolecular structure, meteorology, economics) will undoubtedly expand considerably and make possible new orders of resolution. 

I thank the editors of this volume for inviting my contribution. I am grateful to 

Numerical Methods That Usually Work, Chap. 17, Mathematical Association of America, Washington, D.C., 1990 (updated from the 1970 edition). 

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New technology is applied to existing fields to enhance production. For example, horizontal development wells have been drilled in many mature fields to recover remaining oil, especially where the remaining oil is present in thin oil columns after the gas cap and/or aquifer have swept most of the oil. Lately, the advent of multi-lateral wells drilled with coiled tubing have provided a low cost option to produce remaining oil as well as low productivity reservoirs. 

Enhancements to the process may be required due to sub-optimal initial design of the equipment, or to implement new technology, or because an idea for improving the production system has emerged. De-bottlenecking would be an example of an... 

The results of both experiments showed that the analysis in the frequency domain provides new technological possibilities of testing characteristics of austenitic steels. Using known phase-frequency characteristics of structural noises it is possible to construct algorithms for separation of useful signal from the defect, even through amplitude values of noise and signal are close in value. 

The computerised ultrasonic P-scan system (FORCE Institute, Denmark) has been in operation in Ukraine since 1992. Over this period rather extensive new technological experience has been accumulated of solving the complicated tasks of reliability of the constructions the design life of which is over. 

New technological capabilities in the performance of ultrasonic testing were implemented in the application of computerised flaw detectors, which allow development of new technologies and control of various especially critical and complex components. 

Introduction of new technology for example non - invasive testing methods to extend the duration between, or reduce the time taken for, invasive inspections in pressure systems. 

A completely new method of determining siufaces arises from the enormous developments in electron microscopy. In contrast to the above-mentioned methods where the surfaces were calculated, molecular surfaces can be determined experimentally through new technologies such as electron cryomicroscopy [188]. Here, the molecular surface is limited by the resolution of the experimental instruments. Current methods can reach resolutions down to about 10 A, which allows the visualization of protein structures and secondary structure elements [189]. The advantage of this method is that it can be apphed to derive molecular structures of maaomolecules in the native state. 

Both FNB and Hot Box appHcations are mature and declining as new technology is being used more and more in the foundry industry. 

A good compilation of the functions of fats in various food products is available (26). Some functions are quite subtle, eg, fats lend sheen, color, color development, and crystallinity. One of the principal roles is that of texture modification which includes viscosity, tenderness (shortening), control of ice crystals, elasticity, and flakiness, as in puff pastry. Fats also contribute to moisture retention, flavor in cultured dairy products, and heat transfer in deep fried foods. For the new technology of microwave cooking, fats assist in the distribution of the heating patterns of microwave cooking. 

R. C. Winckihofer, "Extended Chaiu Polyethylene Fiber New Technology/New Horizons," paper presented at TAPP11985 Nomrovens Sjmposium,... 

Countries that use a positive Hst, eg, Japan, Switzerland, the former Soviet Union, and the United States, Hst ak substances akowable in flavor and foods any material not Hsted is not akowable. Any material included on a positive Hst is considered safe for its intended use. This system works wek only if there is a specific procedure to akow for the addition of new materials. In the United States there is the Food Additive Petition and the GRAS route. No new material can be used in flavor or foods unless it undergoes one of these two procedures. This assures that any new technology can be added and used after it is reviewed for safety. 

Growth in the use of acetylene for the production of 1,4-butanediol is projected to continue at the rate of about 5% per year. However, competition from a new technology based on maleic anhydride may impact the use of acetylene in this market. 

Chlorine dioxide has substantial reactivity, which precludes its shipment ia bulk. New technology that allows on-site generation of CIO2 from sodium chlorate [7775-09-9] rather than from chlorine is expected to result ia its more frequent use ia appHcations where capital investment and operators are warranted (24). 

Computer hardware costs have decreased dramatically. As a result, systems have become more affordable. Higher performance of new technology allows more functional capacity to be provided ia a smaller, less cosdy machine. 

Due to possible environmental problems with acetone, new technologies are being developed for the production of deoiled lecithins involving treatment of Hpid mixtures with supercritical gases or supercritical gas mixtures (10—12). In this process highly viscous cmde lecithin is fed into a separation column at several levels. The supercritical extraction solvent flows through the column upward at a pressure of 8 MPa (80 bar) and temperature between 40 and 55°C. The soy oil dissolves together with a small amount of lecithin. 

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