New Technique Developments

A new 3D experiment that allows direct probing of proton spin-diffusion process between resolved proton spectra obtained under Lee-Goldburg homo-nuclear decoupling has been reported. It is anticipated that this class of experiments will soon be used to study poorly crystalline hybrid materials as well as finely divided or porous inorganic materials. 

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The CLM method is a new technique, developed by Nagatani and Watarai [61]. This method produces a stable, ultrathin two-phase liquid membrane by the centrifugal force due to the rotation of a cylindrical cell, using the arrangement shown in Fig. 11. The inner diameter and inner height of the cylindrical cell were 19 and 29 mm, respectively. The rotation speed was controlled in the range 6000-7500 rpm. The summation of the absorption spectra of both interfacial and bulk organic phase species was measured in the direction perpendicular to the rotation axis with a diode array spectrophotometer. 

In the new technique developed at PicArsn by R.P.Kiley, C. Stephens J.H. Veltman under the direction of Dr. J.P. Picard, the entire process is conducted in a water slurry which renders the operation less costly and dangerous than the older method. The manuf of combustible cartridges by this process is practically a one-step operation(Ref 27). Detailed description of new method is given in Refs 28 29... 

Enormous advances and growth in the use of ordered media (that is, surfactant normal and reversed micelles, surfactant vesicles, and cyclodextrins) have occurred in the past decade, particularly in their chromatographic applications. New techniques developed in this field include micellar liquid chromatography, micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, and extraction of bioproducts with reversed micelles techniques previously developed include cyclodextrins as stationary and mobile-phase components in chromatography. The symposium upon which this book was based was the first major symposium devoted to this topic and was organized to present the current state of the art in this rapidly expanding field. 

As briefly reviewed above, various types of apparatus have been used according to each experimental purpose, but few methods allowed for the collection of materials produced, without incotporating surrounding contamination. Recently, we developed a simplified system for the shock technique, which can be applied to any form of material and which enables us to recover and examine shocked products witliout contamination [134,135]. Furthermore, this system can be used at extremely low temperatures to simulate reactions in space such as those caused by icy comet impacts. In tlris section, we describe chemical reactions disclosed by the new technique developed in our laboratory. These studies provide us witli useful infonnation on the means of creating the organic compounds found in the cosmos. 

New techniques developed in recent years have made it possible to obtaind enormous amounts of information from C NMR spectra. Among the mostl useful of these new techniques is one called DEPT-NMR, for distortionlm j enhancement by polarization transfer, which makes it possible to distingui among signals due to CH3, CH2, CH, and quaternary carbons. That is, the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule can be determined. 

In summary, the new technique developed at BP uses a proprietary transformation that relates velocity directly to effective stress, temperature and gross lithology, takes account of the major causes of overpressure in clastic basins (namely, undercompaction, clay dehydration and diagenesis, buoyancy and charging of fluids in dipping, permeable beds), and predicts effective stress directly, which is the most fundamental quantity for pressure prediction. 

The idea that it was immoral for Nobel to sell dynamite to armies, for example, is not a scientific idea because it can t be scientifically tested. Similarly, science can t answer opinion questions about values like the modern-day question of how far advances in the field of cloning should be taken. Should scientists use the new techniques developed to clone a human being Any possible answer is a matter of opinion and therefore can t be measured or tested. Finally, science can t answer questions about spiritual matters because they are unable to be observed, measured, or tested. 

For a recent review see, fc r example. Ward IM New Techniques Developments in processing of high-performance materials. To be published, Proc. of the Second Rolduc Polymer Meeting, 1987... 

Wide Field Particle Sizing and Velocimetry is a new technique developed by Everest and Atreya [11] and Putorti et al. [12] to photographically determine the size and spatial distributions of particles in a large flow field. Here, laser induced fluorescence from a tracer dye in the droplets is imaged by a photographic camera at high resolution and analyzed to determine its size... 

A new technique developed to detect fatty acids without derivatization, is the use of evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD). The detector offers several advantages over traditional detectors, as the detection response does not depend on the optical characteristics of the sample. The ELSD can be used with multisolvent gradients. However, the sensitivity is not very high. 

Removal of Sulfate from Brine. It is the recycle of brine around a continuous system that causes the sulfate problem. With no escape from the brine loop, any amount of sulfate in the incoming salt or brine will eventually build up to the point where the concentration specification is violated. What sulfate enters a membrane-cell brine system must therefore be removed. This means that a purge from the brine system is necessary, and the techniques used range from a simple purge of the brine itself to more elaborate schemes of precipitation or crystallization. Between these extremes are new techniques developed specifically as a response to the membrane-cell sulfate problem. 

Substrate Conformal Imprint Lithography (SCIL) is a relatively new technique developed jointly by Philhps and Suss Microtec AG [57, 58]. It uses flexible soft stamp technology combined with an elegant vacuum controlled technique for the stamp imprint and retraction process. 

During the last fifteen years new techniques developed by modern surface science have permitted a molecular level scrutiny of the surface monolayer [1], Table 1 lists many of the techniques utilized most frequently in molecular surface science studies. Most of these surface science techniques utilize electron or ion scattering and require a change of density at the interface for surface sensitivity. As a result, most studies have been performed at the solid-vacuum and solid-gas interfaces and not at solid-liquid interfaces. 

This is a relatively new technique developed amongst other things, for the determination of repeat groups and end groups in polymers and copolymers, also molecular weight distribution. 

In early years, in gas-liquid reactions new theories for complicated reaction systems were developed so were new techniques developed allowing the kinetics of extremely fast reactions to be studied. One of the... 

At the same time as the accuracy of bond distance measurements by the electron diffraction method has increased, the applicability of the method has also been enlarged. A new technique developed by Akishin ei al at Moscow State University makes possible the study of compounds with boiling points over 1000°C. The molecules first studied by this technique are of the type MX, where M represents atoms of Group II metals and X represents halogen atoms. 

Neutron activation is the standard against which other techniques are measured because of its accuracy and sensitivity. Se is the most commonly used isotope [41], but a new technique developed by McKnown and Morris [30] uses Se and requires only 20 min per sample. 

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