New synthesis routes

Ryaznov M, Keinle L, Simon A, Mattausch HU (2005) New synthesis route to and physical properties of lanthanum monoiodide. Inorg Chem 45 2068-2074... 

Lewis, B. und Elbe, G. von Combustion, Flames and Explosives of Gases, 3. Aufl., Academic Press, Orlando, Florida 1987 Energetic Materials New Synthesis Routes, Ignition, Propagation and Stability of Detonation, Hrsg. Field, J.E. und Gray, R, The Royal Society, London 1992... 

This chapter surveys different process options to convert terpenes, plant oils, carbohydrates and lignocellulosic materials into valuable chemicals and polymers. Three different strategies of conversion processes integrated in a biorefinery scheme are proposed from biomass to bioproducts via degraded molecules , from platform molecules to bioproducts , and from biomass to bioproducts via new synthesis routes . Selected examples representative of the three options are given. Attention is focused on conversions based on one-pot reactions involving one or several catalytic steps that could be used to replace conventional synthetic routes developed for hydrocarbons. 

Major drawbacks of the condensation approaches8 are the difficult syntheses of the starting materials, the low yields of the end products and the lack of flexibility in the approach. Each new target compound requires a different precursur and thus a completely new synthesis route including all the difficulties associated with the isolation of the product. 

Schirrmeister, S., Markowz, G., Bulk chemicals in microreactors development and scale-up of a new synthesis route into the pilot plant scale, in Proceedings of the 27th International Exhibition-Congress on Chemical Engineering, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, ACHEMA... 

This paper describes a new synthesis route for the formation of silica and titania nanotubes filled with high amounts of Pt metal clusters up to 24.5 wt.%. To some extent, the mechanism of the synthesis has been explored. 

Interest in the synthesis and processing of mesoporous silica materials has grown extensively since their discovery in 1992, and the exciting potential that these films hold in low-k dielectrics, sensors, nanowire fabrication, catalysis, membrane separations, and many other applications will continue to fuel academic and industrial interest in these films. While there are many new synthesis routes for processing mesoporous silica thin films, spin coating and dip coating remain the most facile methods available. These methods deliver high quality reproducible films that can be used for any of the variety of applications. 

The Pd/CNF catalyst displays a catalytic activity as high as that obtained on a commercial catalyst supported on activated charcoal despite the large difference between the two supports surface area, i.e. 100 m /g for the CNFs instead of 1000 m /g for the activated charcoal. The high hydrogenation activity observed on the CNF-based catalyst was attributed to the high external surface area of the support and to the peculiar interaction existing between the prismatic planes and the metallic particles. Recently, a significant improvement was introduced via a new synthesis route which allows the possibility for these nanoscopic materials, to be supported on a macroscopic host structure [17]. 

In this work a sol-gel synthesis of sulfated zirconia (SZ) in basic medium is presented. The new synthesis route, claimed in patents [9, 10], permits to obtain in a single step SZ materials that, after calcination in the range 500-600°C, show a pure tetragonal phase stabilised by the nano dimension of crystallites. 

It is formed by aeration of an aqueous solution of nabam in an alkaline medium. Matolcsy (1968) described a new synthesis route. 

Improving the chemical process with the aid of new synthesis routes. For example, in the production of aromatic amines, chemical reduction with iron chips is replaced by catalytic reduction by hydrogen. 

It is generally accepted that conventional crystalline microporous solids are based on frameworks formed by linked TO4 tetrahedra, each oxygen being shared between two T elements and with Si, (Si, Al) or (Al, P) as the main T elements. Materials are non-conventional if they correspond to solids with novel structures, with novel composition and/or prepared by new synthesis routes (implying generally new characteristics of the solids obtained). 

Other examples of the discovery of new synthesis routes with zeolite catalysts, including the benzamine rearrangement [75 - 77] and the... 

The junction between an electronic conductor and a polymeric proton conductor gives a very interesting tool for the study of mass and charge transfer in solids and in solutions. In addition, the perfluorosulphonic proton conductor gives new synthesis routes in organic or electro-organic chemistry. Future developments in this family of proton conductors are to be expected for the preparation of low price perfluorinated materials. 

Lee et al. first developed a new synthesis route to prepare thermally rearranged microporous [40] PBI (TR-PBI) membranes by alkaline treatment of... 

Figure 5.10 New synthesis route to microporous polybenzimidazole (PBI) (TR-PBI) from PPL using a thermal rearrangement concept [14],...

Reaction engineers are expected to transform laboratory discoveries of new synthesis routes or design concepts into economic, safe, and environmentally compatible processes. The highly competitive industrial environment has added the need to shorten the time interval in which this task has to be completed and to decrease the production price. This motivated several innovations. The first was development of novel catalysts, which increased the yield in existing processes, such as the novel Kellogg ammonia-synthesis process, which uses the much more active BP catalyst. Other catalysts were designed to provide either new synthesis routes, such as the production of synthesis gas by direct oxidation, or new products, such as production of novel polymers by metallocene catalysts. 

Recently a new synthesis route (preparation pathway HI in Fig. 12) for magadiite and octosilicate was proposed by Crone et al. [86] involving a solid-state transformation process. Solid sodium metasilicate, Na2Si03, and Si02 in the form of a xa-ogel were intensively ground and reacted at different tempera-... 

Wang YX, Gies H, Marler B. Synthesis and crystal structure of zeohte RUB-41 obtained as calcination product of a layered precursor a systematic approach to a new synthesis route. Chem Mater December 2005 17 43-9. 

I. Herrmann, Thesis Development and optimization of new synthesis routes for transition metal-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction , FU Berlin, Germany (2006). 

The long-term demand for phosgene will most likely decrease because isocyanate and polycarbonate manufacturers are developing new synthesis routes to produce these products that do not require the use of highly toxic phosgene. 

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