Neurotoxins mechanism of action

Montecucco C, Schiavo G, Tugnoli V, de Grandis D (1996) Botulinum neurotoxins mechanism of action and therapeutic applications. Mol Med Today 2 418-24 Montecucco C, Rossetto O, Schiavo G (2004) Presynaptic receptor arrays for clostridial neurotoxins. Trends Microbiol 12 442-6... 

Smith, P.T. Freshwater neurotoxins mechanisms of action, pharmacology, toxicology, and impacts on aquaculture, In Seafood and Freshwater Toxins Pharmacology, Physiology, and Detection, Botana, L.M., Ed., Chapter 27, p. 583, 2000. 

Toxins present a variety of both incapacitating and lethal effect. Most toxins of military significance can be broadly classified in one of two ways. Neurotoxins disrupt the nervous system and interfere with nerve impulse transmission similar to nerve agents (Chapter 1). However, all neurotoxins do not operate through the same mechanism of action or do they produce the same symptoms. Cytotoxins are poisons that destroy cells or impair cellular activities. Symptoms may resemble those of vesicants (Chapter 3) or they may resemble food poisoning or other diseases. Toxins may also produce effects that are a combination of these general categories. The consequences of intoxication from any individual toxin can vary widely with route of exposure and dose. In addition, some toxins act as biomediators and cause the body to release excessive, and therefore harmful, amounts of chemicals that are normally produced by the body. 

Highly variable depending on the specific toxin, route of exposure, and dose. Even symptoms presented by toxins with the same general classification (i.e., neurotoxin or cytotoxin) may vary depending on the specific mechanism of action within the body. 

Wu, C.H. and Narahashi, T., Mechanism of action of novel marine neurotoxins on ion channels, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 28, 141, 1988. 

Montecucco, C. and Schiavo, G., Mechanism of action of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins. Mol. Microbiol., 13, 1-8, 1994. 

Abstract Toxins that alter neurotransmitter release from nerve terminals are of considerable scientific and clinical importance. Many advances were recently made in the understanding of their molecular mechanisms of action and use in human therapy. Here, we focus on presynaptic neurotoxins, which are very potent inhibitors of... 

Many currently used drugs like acetyl salicylic acid, digitalis, nitrates, and quinine have existed for a long time, and so have many poisons like cyanide and neurotoxins. However, their mechanism of action was not known until the middle of 20th century or even later. CO is unique. The details of its mechanism of toxicity were published by Haldane as early as 1895 and subsequent work has only elaborated these details while affirming its correctness. The generation of COHb is the principal cause of CO toxicity however, it is not the only one. Much research has been done to elaborate these additional mechanisms of CO... 

Adler, M., Oyler, G., Apland, J.P. et al. (2008). Mechanism of action of botulism neurotoxin and overview of medical countermeasures for intoxication In Chemical Warfare Agents Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (Romano, J.A., Jr., Lukey, B.J., Salem, H., eds), pp. 389-422. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS, tetramine, CAS No. 80-12-6, 2,6-dithia-l,3,5,7-tetraazatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]-decane,2,2,6,6-tetraoxide) is emerging as an ilhcit neurotoxin (Barrueto et al, 2003 Whitlow et al, 2005). Tetramine is an odorless white crystalline power that is radially soluble in water, mixes with feedstuffs, and is generally considered to be tasteless. The mechanism of action for TETS is that it selectively and irreversibly binds... 

Miyake M, Ohishi I (1987) Response of tissue-cultured cynomolgus monkey kidney cells to botulinum C2 toxin. In Microbial Pathogenesis. 3 279-86 Montecucco C, Schiavo G (1994) Mechanism of action of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins. In Molecular Microbiology. 13 1-8 Muller H, von Eichel-Streiber C, Flabermann E (1992) Morphological changes of cultured endothelial cells after microinjection of toxins that act on the cytoskele-ton. In Infect Immun. 60 3007-10... 

Sayre, L.M. Biochemical mechanism of action of the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methy 1-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). 

Mechanism of Action of Botulinum Neurotoxin and Overview of Medical Countermeasures for Intoxication... 

Sheridan, R.E. and Parris, M. 2003. Evaluation of toosendanin as a botuhnum neurotoxin antagonist and its mechanism of action. The 40th Interagency Botulism Research Coordinating Committee Meeting, p. 39. 

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