Neurological system spinal cord

Histopathological examination of tissues representative of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system Quantitative observations and manipulative test to detect neurological, behavioral, and physiological dysfuntions. These may include general appearance body posture... 

Figure 2 External appearance of various types of human craniorachischisis totalis (total myeloschisis) illustrating the severity of the dysraphic disorders. The first fetus (a) illustrates the severity of the lordosis and the shortness of the axial skeleton which can occur in these disorders. The exposed areas of the central nervous system are totally destroyed. In (b), note the exencephalic brain (termed area cerebrovasculosa). (c, d) Lateral and posterior view. Compare (c) with Figure 1. In (d), the destroyed areas of brain and spinal cord tissues have been removed to show the severity of the malformations of the vertebrae. (Reproduced from Marin-Padilla M (1978) Clinical and experimental rachischisis. In Congenital Malformations of the Spine and Spinal Cord. vol. 32. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Amsterdam North-Holland, with permission from Elsevier.)...

Neurologic pathways in the sympathetic nervous system originate from the thoracic (T1 to T12) and the upper lumbar segments (LI and L2) of the spinal cord. Neurologic pathways in the parasympathetic nervous system originate from cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X, from the brainstem, and the sacral segments S2, S3, and S4 from the spinal cord. This is why the parasympathetic nervous system is also known as the craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. 

Neurology Field concerning the nervous system, especially the brain, peripheral nerves, and spinal cord. Studies in this field include Alzheimer s disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), carpal tunnel syndrome, Huntington s disease, dementia, memory loss, migraine headaches, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson s disease, strokes, Tourette s syndrome, and others. 

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects between 250,000 and 350,000 persons in the United States. It is one of the major causes of neurologic disability in young and middle-aged adults. The term multiple sclerosis refers to two characteristics of the disease the numerous affected areas of the brain and spinal cord producing multiple neurologic symptoms that accrue over time and the characteristic plaques or sclerosed areas that are the hallmark of the disease. 

Demyelination and axonal transection cause disruption in the transmission of nerve impulses, which leads to neurologic symptoms reflecting the area of the brain or spinal cord that is affected. De-myelinated nerve fibers have prolonged refractory periods that impair conduction of electrical impulse volleys. Maximal electrical impulse frequency may be reduced substantially before impulse conduction is interrupted entirely. A single plaque may extend across several nerve pathways, producing symptoms involving several nervous system functions. Smaller plaques may cause isolated disturbances however, typically several plaques develop at the same time, causing multiple but unrelated problems such as disturbed vision and decreased sensation. 

UI may present in the setting of concurrent, seemingly unrelated illnesses. New-onset UI may be the initial manifestation of certain systemic illnesses such as diabetes meUitus, metastatic malignancies, multiple sclerosis, and other neurologic illnesses. Central nervous system disease, or injury above the level of the pons, generally results in symptoms of bladder overactivity and UUI. Spinal cord injury or disease may manifest as bladder overactivity and UUI or as overflow incontinence, depending on the spinal level and completeness of the injury or disease. 

MS is an inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease affecting the CNS. In MS, the immune system attacks the myelin sheath of nerve cell fibers in the brain and spinal cord. MS is predominantly a T-lymphocyte mediated disorder, and cytokines may therefore have a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease. MS is the only neurological disorder where therapeutic manipulation of the cytokine system influences development of the disease (Adibhatla and Hatcher,... 

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