Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases

In summary, the various cytokines listed here all have certain associations with HAD. This body of evidence shades the inflammatory pattern of cytokine in HAD toward a chronic and detrimental effect that becomes manifest as the disease progresses. However, the cytokines discussed here do not constitute the complete list of players in HAD and other neuroimmune disorder diseases. Chemokines have a unique impact on the immune system their role will be discussed at length below. 

Cytokines themselves may also be used for MS therapy. IFN-P has been in clinical nse as an immunomodulatory drug for the treatment of MS for more than 10 years. Administration of IFN-P decreases the relapse rates and new MRI lesions in patients with relapsing/remitting MS (The IFN-p Multiple Sclerosis Study Group, 1993) or delay disease progression in patients with secondary progressive MS (Jacobs et al., 1996  

In summary, cytokines and growth factors are very important mediators in the pathogenesis of MS as well as exhibiting therapeutic potential. More effort should be brought to explore the complex interactions among inunune cells, cytokines, growth factors and CNS resident cells. 

Inflammation has been suggested to contribute to the AP deposition and neuropathology associated with AD. For example, many clinical studies have indicated that antiinflammatory drugs have a protective effect upon the development of AD (Stewart et al., 1997 Broe et al., 2000). AD is associated with the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines including lL-6, TNF-a, M-CSF, IL-ip, TGF-P, TRAIL, 

Cell type Ligands chemokine (systematic name) Receptors Reference 

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Chemokine s and their Receptors in Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases... 

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