Neurochemical issues

Preliminary results from case reports, case series, and open and increasingly better controlled trials have found TMS to be effective in the treatment of depression. TMS, antidepressants, and ECS appear to induce similar effects in animal behavioral models of depression and changes in brain neurochemical activity. These include changes in the forced swim test, increase in seizure threshold, and effects on b-noradrenergic receptor downregulation. Whereas seizures appear unnecessary to achieve clinical benefit with TMS, it is still unclear what aspects are beneficial. As noted earlier, although this modality is associated with some complications (e.g., headaches and, rarely, inadvertent seizure) relative to ECT and perhaps even pharmacotherapy under certain situations, it appears to be quite safe. Future studies of major depression should explore TMS-related issues such as the following ... 

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De Potter WP, Partoens P, Strecker S. Noradrenaline storing vesicles In sympathetic neurons and their role in neurotransmitter release an historical overview of controversial issues. Neurochem Res 1997 22 911-9. 

The neurochemical basis of both categories of drives - (a) the innate ones necessary for the survival of the individual and the species, and (b) the acquired ones for attaining an unlimited number of dispensable goals - is unknown. The mesencephalic mechanism that keeps the innate drives in action is presumably the less complicated part of the problem. The real crux of the issue seems to be the cortical mechanism that renders the acquisition of an unnatural urge possible. 

Much more work has been undertaken with colloidal nanoparhcles over the past decades for developing various protocols for detecting neurochemicals and their metabolites. Recently it has even been shown that this SERS strategy can be used to image dopamine and norepinephrine release in cells [318] demonstrahng the potential of the technique. However, issues with fast detechon for five cell work and selectivity shll remain. 

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