Network structure imaging

D-TEM gave 3D images of nano-filler dispersion in NR, which clearly indicated aggregates and agglomerates of carbon black leading to a kind of network structure in NR vulcanizates. That is, filled rubbers may have double networks, one of rubber by covalent bonding and the other of nanofiller by physical interaction. The revealed 3D network structure was in conformity with many physical properties, e.g., percolation behavior of electron conductivity. 

The bottom image in Figure 2.2.15 is a maximum intensity projection of a 100 xm cubic-resolution 3D-image dataset of a blue berry acquired with this system. The network structure of the fruit is clearly visualized. If the MRI console and permanent magnet can be made smaller, a true desktop or handy M R microscope will then be constructed. 

The structure of Cu20 (cuprite). Eight unit cells are shown they correspond to one unit cell of cristobalite if only one of the two networks is present. The gray network has no direct bonds to the black network (stereo image) R... 

We have also used the Eosin-triethanolamine system to design a two-photon system based on visible laser-induced photopolymerization followed by UV-induced crosslinking as a means of building a three-dimensional network structure aimed at three-dimensional imaging. The key to our design, shown in Scheme 4 below, is incorporation of an acrylate monomer... 

Network structure analysis is discussed in Chapters 7, 8,10 and 13. These chapters deal with the characterisation of the structure of chemical and physical networks, rubber-filler physical network, network defects and its heterogeneity using NMR relaxation techniques and NMR imaging. 

Fig. 8 (a) ZnOEP molecules trapped in the dehydro-DPDI honeycomb network. STM images were recorded at room temperature (left), 11K (middle), and 5 K (right), respectively, (b) model structures of the arrangement of the ZnOEP molecule inside the honeycomb dehydro-DPDI network on Cu(lll). Reprinted with permission from [112], Copyright (2007) The Royal Society of... 

Fig. 3.11. Folding of T4 DNA by the addition of the gemini surfactant. Distributions of the long-axis length of T4 DNA at different concentrations [cs] of the surfactant. Coil, partially folded, and completely folded states are distinguished by the different colorings. Also shown are FM and AFM images with the corresponding schematic representation of the partially folded state ([cs] =0.2 pM) and completely folded state ([cs] = 1.0pM). The FM and AFM observations are of the same DNA molecules attached to a mica surface. A rings-on-a-string structure is clearly seen for the partially folded DNA, while the completely folded DNA assumes a network structure composed of many fused rings (see [19] for more details)...

Figure 2 ESEM images of gluten structure, (a) A featureless surface is seen if the sample is always maintained wet (b) following a protocol akin to that used for conventional SEM imaging, a coarse network structure becomes visible due to the harsh dehydration conditions used (after )...

After engagement the imaging forces are adjusted to 3-4 nN. Using these forces with carefully optimized feedback loop the network structure of xanthan, as well as the molecular scale structure may be unveiled. The resolution is typically limited by the sharpness of the probe tip, but under optimum conditions, the helical secondary structure can be visualized (Fig. 3.47). 

In this section, we describe a solution that employs a net-shaped structure to make flexible electronic film devices conformable to three-dimensional surfaces [18]. Although the base films we presently use are of polyimide and poly(ethylenenaph-thalate) (PEN) — materials that are stiff and not inherently stretchable in a rubberlike sense — our solution includes struts of network structures that twist with the application of tension, as can be seen in Figure 6.3.7. Due to this three-dimensional strut deformation, the whole network structure functions electrically with a unidirectional extension of 25%. We have implemented the pressure sensor network on the surface of an egg and have obtained pressure images in this configuration. 

---