Nervous system tardive dyskinesia

Nervous system. Tardive dyskinesias occur with neuroleptics polyneuritis with metronidazole optic neuritis with ethambutol. 

Tardive dyskinesia A chronic disorder of the nervous system characterized by involuntary jerky or writhing movements of the face, tongue, jaws, trunk, and limbs, usually developing as a late side effect of prolonged treatment with antipsychotic drugs. 

There is some evidence that the availability of choline may be limiting for the synthesis of acetylcholine in the central nervous system under some conditions, and supplements of phosphatidylcholine increase the rate of acetylcholine turnover. One systematic review concludes that phosphatidylcholine supplements result in some improvement in cognitive function in patients with dementia, especially when this is secondary to cerebrovascular disorder (Fioravanti and Yanagi, 2000), but another concludes that there is no evidence to support its use in the treatment of dementia (Higgins and Flicker, 2000). Although phosphatidylcholine has been used to treat tardive dyskinesia... 

The therapeutic uses of choline depend on its physiological functions. Bccau.se it is involved in the formation of plasma phospholipids, it is used as a lipotropic agent to alleviate fatty infiltration of the liver, cirrhosis. It has been u.sed. in large doses, in certain central nervous system disorders (e.g., tardive dyskinesia, presenile dementia) bccau.se it is a precursor of acetylcholine. Choline also serves as a methyl donor in some reactions after it is converted to betaine. 

Tetrabenazine, a benzoquinolizine derivative, inhibits vesicular monoamine transporter 2, leading to depletion of dopamine and other monoamines in the central nervous system. It was licensed in 2008 by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of chorea associated with Huntingdon s disease. It is also used in the treatment of hemibaUismus, tardive dyskinesia, and Tourette syndrome. 

Nervous system Tetrabenazine inhibits vesicular monoamine transporter 2, leading to depletion of dopamine and other monoamines in the central nervous system. In a retrospective chart review, 448 patients who had used tetrabenazine between 1997 and 2004 (mean age at onset of the movement disorder, 43 years 42% men) were treated for a variety of hyperkinesias, including tardive dyskinesia (n = 149), dystonia (n = 132), chorea (n = 98), tics (n = 92), and myoclonus (n = 19) [68"]. They took treatment for a mean of 2.3 years and efficacy was sustained in most cases. Common adverse effects included drowsiness (25%), parkinsonism (15%), depression (7.6%), and akathisia (7.6%). Although it has repeatedly been observed that tetrabenazine alleviates hyperkinetic movements, it can worsen parkinsonism [69 ]. 

Choline is the dietary precursor of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Variations in the daily intake of choline also modify the brain levels of choline and ac etylcholine. Some preliminary reports have shown that dietary choline may improve learning and behavior. Rec ently, clinical trials have shown choline to be succ essfijl in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia, a disorder of the (central nervous system. 

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