Nervous system oxygen requirement

Carbon dioxide gas is an asphyxiant, a potent respiratory stimulant, and both a stimulant and depressant of the central nervous system. Fatalities have occurred after people have entered enclosures where air has been largely displaced by CO2. Therefore, fixed, automatic CO2 systems require a time delay pre-evacuation alarm period (often 30 seconds), warning signs, and an alarm signal incorporated into the system design to allow sufficient time for personnel evacuation prior to CO2 release. Verification of the oxygen level must be made prior to reentry. 

The brain and other areas of the central nervous system (CNS) have high ATP requirements. Although the brain only represents about 2% of the body s mass, it consumes around 20% of the metabolized oxygen and ca. 60% of the glucose. The neurons high energy requirements are mainly due to ATP-de-pendent ion pumps (particularly Na7K " AT-Pase) and other active transport processes that are needed for nerve conduction (see p. 350). 

Neuronal cell death is required for the development of the nervous system. However, recent studies suggest that neurons die from programmed cell death (apoptosis) in brains deprived of oxygen by stroke [14] and trauma [15], and in the brains of Alzheimer s patients [16], Therefore, prevention of neuronal apoptosis has been considered to be a desirable therapeutic strategy for treating such neurodegenerative diseases, although the value of this approach is not yet evident. We have recently reported that crocin suppresses tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a-... 

Carbon monoxide is a clear, tasteless, odorless gas that is produced from incomplete combustion. Exposure to carbon monoxide can cause headaches fatigue dizziness nausea permanent damage to the brain, central nervous system, and heart and even death by reducing the amount of oxygen red blood cells carry. Infants, children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with heart or respiratory problems are most susceptible to carbon monoxide poisoning. Because you can t see, smell, or taste carbon monoxide, it has to be tested for with a monitor or an alarm, which are now legally required in many states. 

Q9 Initial, compensatory responses to reduced cardiac output involve the sympathetic nervous system and release of adrenaline. The result is an increase in rate and force of cardiac contraction and arterial and venous constriction. In the short term this improves the circulation by increasing cardiac output. However, in the long term it is detrimental since vasoconstriction increases afterload, which, in turn, increases cardiac work and oxygen requirement, ultimately leading to cardiac failure. 

Exposure to dinoseb requires symptomatic treatment. Blood glucose, liver function, and renal function tests should be monitored in symptomatic patients. Adequate ventilation and oxygenation should be provided with close monitoring of arterial blood gases. The fluid and electrolyte balances should be maintained. The body temperature should be kept within tolerable limits. Antipyretic drugs are, however, not effective because dinoseb poisoning involves peripheral metabolism, not central nervous system control of temperature. Diazepam is administered to... 

Description. Every cell in the body requires iron for a variety of functions. This versatile mineral is involved in oxygen transport (hemoglobin) and storage (myoglobin), is required by enzymes that produce energy for the cell, and it plays an important role in the function of the immune and central nervous systems. Iron is required in relatively high doses to maintain proper nutrition. Of aU the nutrients, the allowance for iron is the most difficult to obtain from dietary sources, aud therefore is the most common single micronutrient deficiency in the world. ... 

---