Negative obstacle

A negative obstacle refers to terrain below the horizontal plane a terrain feature that presents a negative deflection relative to the horizontal plane. For a UGV, this can be safety-related as it prevents the UGVs continuation on its original path. Examples are depressions, canyons, creek beds, ditches, bomb craters, and so on. 

The task force must be capable of identifying pollution reduc tion alternatives as well as be cognizant of inherent obstacles to the process. Barriers frequently arise from the anxiety associated with the belief that the program will negatively affect produc t quality or result in production losses. According to an EPA survey, 30 percent of indus-tiy comments responded that they were concerned that product qualify would decline if waste minimization techniques were implemented (Ref. 6). As such, the assessment team, and the team leader in particular, must be ready to react to these and other concerns (Ref. 2fy... 

While fast atom bombardment (FAB) [66] and TSI [25] built up the basis for a substance-specific analysis of the low-volatile surfactants within the late 1980s and early 1990s, these techniques nowadays have been replaced successfully by the API methods [22], ESI and APCI, and matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI). In the analyses of anionic surfactants, the negative ionisation mode can be applied in FIA-MS and LC-MS providing a more selective determination for these types of compounds than other analytical approaches. Application of positive ionisation to anionics of ethoxylate type compounds led to the abstraction of the anionic moiety in the molecule while the alkyl or alkylaryl ethoxylate moiety is ionised in the form of AE or APEO ions. Identification of most anionic surfactants by MS-MS was observed to be more complicated than the identification of non-ionic surfactants. Product ion spectra often suffer from a reduced number of negative product ions and, in addition, product ions that are observed are less characteristic than positively generated product ions of non-ionics. The most important obstacle in the identification and quantification of surfactants and their metabolites, however, is the lack of commercially available standards. The problems with identification will be aggravated by an absence of universally applicable product ion libraries. 

This obstacle easily ranks highest on the list. Basic human nature is to not act if the consequences are negative or punishing. Individuals will not report a near miss if they believe their bosses will hold the near miss against them or their peers. If this obstacle is not overcome, near misses will not be reported regularly. This has been proven by an extensive survey(h and research projects ) and is acknowledged by regulatory authorities worldwide. 

These studies have revealed problems unique to each group as well as difficulties common among the different phyla. There are several obstacles specific to the Porifera, which may negatively impact the feasibility of in vitro production of bioactive compounds by sponges. Perhaps the greatest obstacle is the lack of any area of a sponge from which axenic primary cultures can be initiated. 

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