Negative electrons, indicating

The phosphoms atom contributes five valence electrons, the four oxygen atoms contribute six valence electrons each, and the hydrogen atoms each contribute one electron. The negative charge indicates that there is an extra electron, for a total of 32 valence electrons. 

The BH3 molecule is not stable as a separate entity. This molecule can be stabilized by combining it with another molecule that can donate a pair of electrons (indicated as ) to the boron atom to complete the octet (see Chapter 9). For example, the reaction between pyridine and B2H6 produces C5H5N BH3. Another stable adduct is carbonyl borane, OC BH3 in which a pair of electrons is donated from carbon monoxide, which stabilizes borane. In CO, the carbon atom has a negative formal charge, so it is the "electron-rich" end of the molecule. Because the stable compound is B2H6 rather than BH3, the bonding in that molecule should be explained. 

Positive values of a indicate electron withdrawing by the substituent, while negative values indicate electron release to the benzene ring of the acid. A listing of some avalues is provided in the literature [98-101]. Quantitative predictions of pK values use the Hammett equation as follows ... 

The dimensions of the spin spaces for the active electrons in Table 2, cf. Eq. (9)) are certainly not small. It proved difficult to find a spin basis in which very few of the coefficients were large and so we adopted instead a spin correlation scheme cf. Section 4.2). In the present work, we exploited the way in which expectation values of the two-electron spin operator evaluated over the total spin eigenfunction 4, depend on the coupling of the individual spins associated with orbitals ( )/ and j. Negative values indicate singlet character and positive values triplet character. Special cases of the expectation value are ... 

Results expressed relative to 1, 5, and 6 electrons, respectively, for the tt, a, and total net charges. A negative sign indicates an increase in electron population. 

This expression is useful for deciding, for instance, whether patches of negative electron density are within the limits of experimental error to be expected, or whether they must be taken seriously as indications that there is something wrong with the structure. 

A negative slope is observed, as anticipated, for an electron-seeking reagent. A negative slope indicates that electron-withdrawing groups have reduced the reaction constant, and a small value of slope often means that the mechanism of the reaction involves radical intermediates or a cyclic transition state with little charge separation ... 

On the other hand, a negative peak is observed on the bond axis in the vicinity of the Co nucleus, which can be attributed to the aspher-ical distribution of 3d electron density (Section III,A,1). This negative peak indicates the deficiency of 3d electron density on the bond axis, in... 

Negative number indicates that the electronic state in the corresponding column caption lies higher in energy than the electronic state for which... 

FIGURE 2 The electron affinity versus alloy concentration for AlxGai xN alloys. The values were deduced from UV photoemission spectra excited with 21.2 eV light. Note that the technique cannot determine the electron affinity value for cases which exhibit a negative electron affinity. These samples are indicated with points at 0 with an arrow pointing towards larger negative values [6],... 

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