Nebulizer history

IPRATROPIUM BRONCHODILATORS -SALBUTAMOL A few reports of acute angle closure glaucoma when nebulized ipratropium and salbutamol were coadministered Ipratropium dilates the pupil, which i drainage of aqueous humour, while salbutamol t production of aqueous humour Warn patients to prevent the solution to mist or enter the eye. Extreme caution in co-administering these bronchodilators by the nebulized route in patients with a history of acute closed-angle glaucoma... 

Nebulizers have a long history in pulmonary delivery. Although generally effective, traditional nebulizer systems require lengthy (10-20 min) administration periods during which drug solution is delivered with relative inefficiency using an external power source. 

Inhalation of distilled water will cause bronchoconstriction in 60% of infants with a history of wheeze (SEDA-17, 212). K nebulizer solutions are hypotonic or hypertonic or contain preservatives (such as benzalkonium chloride, edetic acid, sulfites and metabisulfite) they can cause paradoxical bronchoconstriction. It has been recommended that aU nebulizer solutions should be isotonic and free of preservatives (SEDA-13,132). Unit dose vials are available in which the drug solution is isotonic and preservative-free. However, multidose formulations are stiU available and are widely used, as the cost per dose is less. 

By the early 1800s, the Law of Conservation of Matter (Section 1-1) and the Law of Definite Proportions (Section 1-5) were both accepted as general descriptions of how matter behaves. John Dalton (1766-1844), an English schoolteacher, tried to explain why matter behaves in such systematic ways as those expressed here. In 1808, he published the first modern ideas about the existence and nature of atoms. Dalton s explanation summarized and expanded the nebulous concepts of early philosophers and scientists more importantly, his ideas were based on reproducible experimental restdts of measurements by many scientists. These ideas form the core of Dalton s Atomic Theory, one of the highlights in the history of scientific thought. In condensed form, Dalton s ideas may be stated as follows ... 

The history of flame spectroscopy is difficult to separate from the other types of emission spectroscopy, but it does have some unique features. The analytical use of flame spectra has a long history since the time of Bunsen and Kirchhoff. De Gramont made a major contribution in 1923 by introducing the very hot oxygen-acetylene flame. Lvmdegardh constructed the first flame photometer in 1928 with an atomizer (now called a nebulizer), a pressure control unit, and a photocell for detection. Ne-bulization was used as early as 1879, by Gouy when... 

For a number of years (1987-1992), thermospray LC-MS was the most frequently applied interface for LC-MS. It has demonstrated its applicability in both qualitative and quantitative analysis in various application areas. With the advent of the more robust LC-MS interfaces, based on atmospheric-pressure ionization, the use of thermospray interfacing and ionization rapidly decreased. The newer technology pointed out the limitations of the thermospray system, e.g. in the analysis of thermolabile compounds, ionic compounds, high molecular-mass compounds, as well as in robustness and user-friendliness. Therefore, thermospray as an ionization and interface technique for LC-MS is now history. Thermospray nebulization will continue to be used, e.g. in nebulization for ICP-MS. 

---