Babington-type nebulizer

Q. Make a list of the advantages and disadvantages of the ultrasonic and Babington-type nebulizers. 

Slurries have been used to introduce soil samples into an ETV with ICP-MS detection [332] as well as directly into an ICP-MS using a Babington-type nebulizer [333]. Although slurry sample introduction eliminates the problems associated with sample dissolution, care is required to ensure that the slurry particles are small enough to be completely vaporized in the ICP. Agglomeration of particles in the slurry before introduction to the nebulizer must be prevented in order to maintain constant transport efficiency into the ICP... 

In the pneumatic nebulizers used in atomic spectrometry, the liquid flow is usually of the order of 1 to a few mL/min and the full efficiency of the nebulizer (a few %) can actually be realized at gas flows of 2 L/min. However, even with gas flows below 2 L/min, droplet diameters as low as about 10 pm and injection velocities below about 10 m/ s are obtained. Pneumatic nebulization can be realized with a number of types of nebulizers. For flame emission and atomic absorption as well as for plasma spectrometry, they include concentric nebulizers, so-called cross-flow nebulizers, Babington nebulizers and fritted-disk nebulizers (Fig. 40) [95]. 

Figure 6.8 (a) Premix burner system. [ 1993-2014 PerkinElmer, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed with permission, (www.perkinelmer.com).] (b) Schematic nebulizer designs. (Top), modified Babington type (left), concentric (the most common in FAAS) (right) cross-flow type. (From Parsons, M.L., Atomic absorption and flame emission, in Ewing, G.A., ed.. Analytical Instrumentation Handbook, 2nd edn., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1997. Used with permission.)... 

Babington-type nebulizer—a device that generates an aerosol by flowing a liquid over a surface that contains an orifice from wdiich gas flows at a high velocity. 

Nebulizer—A. Babington-type ° high-solids nebulizer is strongly recommended. This t of nebulizer reduces the possibility of clogging and minimizes aerosol particle effects. 

Precision—The precision of this test method was determined by statistical analysis of inteilaboratory results. In this study, dilution solvents were limited to xylene or kerosine. Some laboraUnies chose to use Babington-type nebulizers, peristaltic pumps, and background correction. Fourteen laboratories analyz twelve specimens in duplicate. The samples were one gas turbine used oil, four gasoline engine used oils, two truck diesel engine used oils, two marine ei e used oils, SRM 1085 diluted in SRM 1083 (base oil) to contain approximately 40 mg/kg of eleven different metals (this oil also contained 8 mass % of an ethylene-propylene copolymer viscosity index improver), SRM 1085 diluted in SRM 1083 to contain approximately 40 mg/kg of twelve different metals, SRM 1085 diluted in SRM 1083 to contain approximately 2 mg/kg of 12 different metals. 

FIGURE 8-11 Types of pneumatic nebulizers (a) concentric tube, (b) cross-flow, (c) fritted disk, (d) Babington. 

The nebulizer is mounted in the spray-chamber burner assembly, as shown for the nitrous oxide or air-acetylene burner system (Fig. 32). Air or nitrous oxide are fed to the mixing chamber through the nebulizer. The combustion gas is fed directly to the burner. A self-aspirating concentric nebulizer is often used, but other types, including the Babington and cross-flow types (Section 21.4.1) are also applied. Nebulizers may be made of glass, corrosion-resistant metals such as Pt-Ir. or plastics such as Ryton. Sample solution consumption usually amounts to ca. S miymin in the case of gas flows of 1 -5 L/min. 

The final type of Babington nebulizer is called the Lichte or fritted disk nebulizer. The configuration of this nebulizer is shown in Figure 5.17. The nebulizer consists of a glass-enclosed, medium to coarse fritted disk, configured so that argon nebulization gas passes through the frit. Sample pumped... 

---