Nearest point detection

The leak detection sensitivity refers to the minimum top liner leak rate that can theoretically be detected, collected, and removed by the LDS. The leak detection time is the minimum time needed for liquids passing through the top liner to be detected, collected, and removed in the nearest down-gradient collection pipe. In the case of a composite top liner, the leak detection time refers to the period starting at the point when liquids have passed through the compacted soil component and ending at the point when they are collected in the collection pipe. 

The mass of Halley s Comet is about 1014kg, and thus its mean density is only 200 kg/m3. The rate of loss of material has been estimated as 5,000 kg/s. The nucleus is loosely packed and exhibits point craters and chasms from which gas and dust escape. These emissions consist mainly of water vapour (—80% by volume) as well as 6% CO, < 3% C02, -2.5% CH4, -1.2% NH3 and < 6% N2 (Flechtig and Keller, 1987). At the point where Giotto came nearest to the comet, the estimated amount of water being ejected was close to 15,000 kg/s, while that of dust particles was between 6,000 and 10,000 kg/s. Ions derived from water were detected in the... 

A buret is used for the accurate delivery of a variable amount of solution. Its principal use is in titrations, where a standard solution is added to the sample solution until the end point (the detection of the completion of the reaction) is reached. The conventional buret for macrotitrations is marked in 0.1-mL increments from 0 to 50 mL one is illustrated in Figure 2.13. The volume delivered can be read to the nearest 0.01 mL by interpolation (good to about 0.02 or 0.03 mL). Burets... 

In this chapter it will be demonstrated how wavelets can be used in data analysis by discussing a specific data set from a chemical sensor array. The data is a time series where each point in time belongs to a certain unknown class and needs to be classified. It will be discussed what problems arise when a common classifier like SIMCA [I] or Nearest Neighbour [2] is used. Further, it will be shown that an extended classifier named Early Transition Detection (ETD) [3] can be used to overcome these problems. For the construction of the ETD classifier the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is used. It will be shown that the DWT provides an expedient tool to solve this problem. 

In Table 13.1 a comparison of the results obtained with the used Location Estimation Algorithms using the data collected with the two mobile terminals is presented. To be noticed that for the HTC mobile phone all five references were detected and for the other mobile phone only four references were detected at each sampling point. In this test a value of = 3 was used and the weights used for the Weighted k-Nearest Neighbour were 0. 7, 0. 2 and 0. 1, as in [7]. 

Thin-layer chromatography (TEC) is a simple separation technique that is usually applied in the pharmaceutical industry, organic chemistry, and environmental laboratories for fast, basic analyses of sample purity, detection of the reaction products, or verification of the presence or absence of some compounds in the mixtures. TLC methodology and equipment are simple and cost-effective, and such separations may also be performed outside the laboratory, for example, wherever the sample has been taken from the source localized hundreds of miles from the nearest facility. One of the weakest points of TLC separation is visualization of the obtained chromatogram. 

As mentioned before, a motivation for operating a UMDE array in parallel mode is to multiply the electrochemical response of a single UMDE in the array, for example to decrease the detection limit of an analyte. However, the behaviour of the array response depends on the design of the array and four parameters are crucial for this (1) the size of the UMDEs, given by their radius a (2) the centre-to-centre distance I between the nearest neighbour electrodes (3) the total number Ng of UMEs in the array (4) the duration of the experiment or observation time. For the regular array we assume that both I and a have the same values for all electrodes. Points (2) and (3) also determine the overall size of the array. In practice this size is often restricted by experimental conditions, e.g. the dimension of the electrochemical cell. 

To improve the results (remove false matches) the KNN (K Nearest Neighbour) algorithm is used, that determines the probability of a detected point to be correct based on its surrounding points and then RANSAC (Random Sample Consensus). 

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