Near history

Through its committees, divisions, and chapters, the American Vacuum Society has produced a nearly complete bibhography (to 1996) (8), a dictionary of terms (9), a monograph series, and a number of other useful pubHcations (10). Another source of information is the Association of Vacuum Equipment Manufacturers. A history of vacuum ideas and technology development from the Middle Ages to Newton has been given (11). 

The modem history of the military use of toxic chemical agents (1,3—5) dates from the first full-scale (chlorine) gas attack on April 22, 1915, near Ypres, Belgium in World War I. There were a few reports of the limited use of toxic chemicals since that time. The Italians employed mustard, a bUster agent, during the Ethiopian war in 1935 and 1936 the Japanese used toxic chemicals in a number of small-scale engagements in the early years of their war with China and Iraq purportedly employed both mustard and nerve gases in the 1980s. 

The effluent concentration history is the breakthrough curve, also shown in Fig. 16-3. The effluent concentration stays at or near zero or a low residual concentration until the transition reaches the column outlet. The effluent concentration then rises until it becomes unacceptable, this time being called the breakthrough time. The feed step must stop and, for a regenerative system, the regeneration step begins. 

Deterioration of tubes near the inlet nozzle of condenser shells due to impingement of water and steam mixtures can be alleviated through the use of appropriately placed and sized baffles or impact plates or by applying clip-on impingement shields to the tubes (see Case History 11.3). 

Figure 14.12(b) represents an actual time history (accelerogram) of the earthquake that occun ed in Chamoli, India, on 29 March 1999. It had apeak ground acceleration of nearly 0,15 g and a predominant frequency of about 2 Hz. 

While 1 was in Argentina in 1955, Sabato took me to visit a brand new laboratory in Patagonia, deep in the south , near the ski resort of San Carlos de Bariloche. This was, and still is, the Centro Atomico de Bariloche (CAB). It is an institution (formally part of a local university) for research and teaching in physics, ranging from particle physics to solid-state physics. Its origin is one of the most curious in the entire history of academe. 

The Mosquito was made almost entirely of wood and for that reason was nearly canceled by the British before it was even built wood aircraft were viewed as fragile and slow based on the previous 40 years of aerospace history. Fortunately the designers of the Mosquito were able to overcome this bias and the Mosquito went on to become one of the best-performing fighter/bombers of the war. 

To determine which jobs you should analyze first, review your injury and illness reports such as the OSHA 200 log, your medical case histories, your first-aid cases, and workers compensation claims. First, you should conduct a JHA for jobs with the highest rates of disabling injuries and illnesses. Do not forget jobs in which you have had close calls or near hits. You should give these incidents a high priority. Analyses of new jobs and jobs in which changes have been made in processes and procedures should be the next priority. 

Figure 2.5-2 depicts the force of mortality as a bathtub curve for the life-death history of a component without repair. The reasons for the near universal use of the constant X exponential distribution (which only applies to the mid-life region) are mathematical convenience, inherent truth (equation 2.5-19), the use of repair to keep components out of the wearout region, startup testing to eliminate infant mortality, and detailed data to support a time-dependent X. 

Results have been presented on one experiment. It involved a 5.659-m vessel containing 1000 kg of butane with a fill ratio of 39%. The vessel s contents were heated to 99°C, which is near but still below the supetheat-limit temperature, producing an internal pressure of 14.6 bar gauge. Vessel failure was then initiated. Measured pressure-time histories indicated that a number of separate pressure pulses occurred. They are plotted in Figure 6.6 as the overpressure-time relationship measured at 25 m from the vessel. 

CdO is produced from the elements and, depending on its thermal history, may be greenish-yellow, brown, red or nearly black. This is partly due to particle size but more importantly, as with ZnO, is a result of lattice defects — this time in an NaCl lattice. It is more basic than ZnO, dissolving readily in acids but hardly at all in alkalis. White Cd(OH)2 is precipitated from... 

Howard T. Odum (1971), an ecologist, is the most diligent in his attempts to reduce all-or nearly all-cultural phenomena to the currency of energy. On first examination his approach to causality is strikingly reminiscent of White. On closer examination, it seems that Odum holds a possibilistic position on causality, similar to that of Cottrell. In a section on theories of history, he comments apropos of the rise... 

Indeed it can be stated that the history of modern expls begins with the discoveries of nitroglycerin (NG) and nitrocellulose (or more correctly cellulose nitrate or NC) nearly 125 years ago, and their application to military and commercial usage. An excellent review of the early history of NC is given by. T.L. Davis (Ref 29, pp 244—56). The early histories of NG and EGDN (discovered in 1870) are summarized, respectively, in Vol 6, G99-R to G100-R and E259-R, and in the Naoum reference cited above... 

The expl nature of N trichloride has been known since the end of the 18th century when Sir H. Davy reported, The fulminating oil which you mentioned roused my curiosity and nearly deprived me of an eye. After some months confinement I am again well. (Ref 12). The early history of this compd is reviewed in this Ref. It is readily prepd by the action of Cl on ammonia or Amm salts (Refs 2,6 13) or by the electrolysis of an unstirred coned soln of Amm chloride at 35—40° (Ref 4). A procedure for the prepn of a soln of N trichloride in chlf is described In Ref 1, and prepn on an industrial scale in Ref 7... 

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