Bronze production

Secondary Brass and Bronze Production Plants Primary Emissions from Basic Oxygen Process Furnaces for Which Construction Commenced after June 11, 1973... 

Earl, B. and A. Adriens (2000), Initial experiments on arsenical bronze production, ]. Mining Metals Mater. Soc. (March), 14. 

Iron/steel foundries and brass/ bronze production 15,570... 

Standards of Performance for Storage Vessels for Petroleum Liquids for Which Construction, Reconstruction, or Modification Commenced After May 18,1978, and Prior to July 23,1984 Standards of Performance for Volatile Organic Liquid Storage Vessels (Including Petroleum Liquid Storage Vessels) for Which Construction, Reconstruction, or Modification Commenced after July 23,1984 Standards of Performance for Secondary Lead Smelters Standards of Performance for Secondary Brass and Bronze Production Plants Standards of Performance for Primary Emissions from Basic Oxygen Process Furnaces for Which Construction Is Commenced After June 11, 1973... 

The first archaeoli cal record of bronze production in China comes from an Eifitou Culture (1700 B.C.) site in Henan, Shanxi, China [6]. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin (althou in ancient China, lead was also fi equently used). The eailiest known Chinese bronze object is shown in Figure 1.4, uiiich has 92% copper and 7% tin. This wine cup displays the basic metalworking features of the Chinese Bronze Age, which are sharply different from Near Eastern and Western traditions. This alloy is not an accident but a deliberate choice and indicates that a complex metalluigical infiastructure was in place to mine the ores of both metals and then smelt each ore to its respective metals. 

Bronze production began in China possibly in Kansu province in the early Shang dynasty or possibly in the late Neolithic period. These few isolated finds do not seem to have any relevance to later Chinese bronze production, and we have not included analyses of any of them in our tables. The mainstream of bronze production begins in the Homan area, probably about 1400 B.C. with workshops near Cheng-chou, which at that time probably was the capital of the Shang state. These early (pre-An-yang) bronzes have characteristic decoration, shapes, and thinness. 

The bronze production in China was both long-lasting and extensive. A lot of bronzes were produced in these 3000 years As an example, over 1295 mirrors have been excavated and listed in publications during 1923-1966 when Barnard compiled his tables (4). When we add the pieces in Western collections which have come out of China without provenance data and the numbers of objects lost, still undiscovered, or melted down as scrap, the totals are staggering. The story of Chinese bronze alloy compositions is a complex one. 

Vesely J., Norton S. A., Majer V., and Kopacek J. (2002b) Lake sediment evidence of air pollution from pre-historic copper and bronze production. In BIOGEOMON Book of Abstracts. University of Reading, UK, 245p. 

A parallel glass making tradition developed in China, again following the discovery of the pyrotechnology associated with bronze production. In China, however, lead oxide was used instead of alkali elements as the flux and barium, instead of calcium and magnesium, was used to stabilize glass. 

BCE Copper and bronze production spreads throughout the Middle East. 

---