Nature and Nomenclature

Starch products, paper and wood pulp, textiles, plastics, food processing fermentation. 

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A. D. Rovira, R. C. Foster, and J. K. Martin, Note on terminology, origin, nature and nomenclature of organic materials in the rhizosphere. The Soil-Root Inteiface (J. L. Harley and R. Scott-Russell, eds.). Academic Press, London, 1979, p. 1. 

B. Nature and Nomenclature of Lithium-Containing Species of Interest... 

More than 20 manganese oxide phases have been described from continental manganese deposits, but very few of these minerals have been positively identified from marine environments (Table 3). Useful summaries of the nature and nomenclature of the marine manganese minerals include those of Cronan (1976b), R. G. Bums and V. M. Burns (1979), and Post (1999). Marine manganese oxides are hydrous phases usually with poor crystallinity. They are often intimately intergrown with other phases, particularly iron-oxy-hydroxides and hydrous iron oxides. Marine manganese-oxide minerals host a variety of minor elements of economic... 

Rovira, A.D., Foster, R.C., Martin, J.K., 1979. Origin, nature and nomenclature of the organic materials in the rhizosphere. In Harley, J.L., Russeh, R.S. (Eds.), The Soil-Root Interface. Academic Press, London, pp. 1-4. 

Nomenclature. Colloidal systems necessarily consist of at least two phases, the coUoid and the continuous medium or environment in which it resides, and their properties gready depend on the composition and stmcture of each phase. Therefore, it is useful to classify coUoids according to their states of subdivision and agglomeration, and with respect to the dispersing medium. The possible classifications of colloidal systems are given in Table 2. The variety of systems represented in this table underscores the idea that the problems associated with coUoids are usuaUy interdisciplinary in nature and that a broad scientific base is required to understand them completely. 

Enzyme Nomenclature. The number of enzymes known exceeds two thousand. A system of classification and nomenclature is required to identify them unambiguously. During the nineteenth century, it was the practice to identify enzymes by adding the suffix -in to the name of their source. Names such as papain, ftcin, trypsin, pepsin, etc, are still in use. However, this system does not give any indication of the nature of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme or the type of substrate involved. 

Due to the nature of extreme-line casing, certain dimensional symbols and nomenclature differ from those for similar details for other pipe covered by this specification. 

Organic Polymers, Natural and Synthetic 610 Appendix 1 Units, Constants, and Reference Data 635 Appendix 2 Properties of the Elements 641 Appendix 3 Exponents and Logarithms 643 Appendix 4 Nomenclature of Complex Ions 648 Appendix 5 Molecular Orbitals 650... 

The (non-detachable) prefix carba- signifies replacement of a heteroatom by carbon in general natural product nomenclature [26], and may be applied to replacement of the hemiacetal ring oxygen in carbohydrates if there is a desire to stress homomorphic relationships. If the original heteroatom is unnumbered, the new carbon atom is assigned the locant of the non-anomeric adjacent skeletal atom, with suffix a . 

In accordance with the recommendation of the Commission of the International Union of Biochemistry [R. H. S. Thompson, Classification and nomenclature of enzymes and coenzymes, Nature 193, 1227 (1902)] the terms NAD and NADP have been used instead of DPN and TPN, except in Fig. 4. The generic term nicotinamide nucleotides is used with the same significance as pyridine nucleotides. 

Anderson, K.B., Winans, R.E. and Botto, R.E. (1992). The nature and fate of natural resins in the geosphere II identification, classification and nomenclature of resinites. Organic Geochemistry 18 829-841. 

Nowhere is the effect of anthropogenic stress felt more than in the development of natural resources of the Earth. Natural resources are varied in nature and often require definition. Eor example, in relation to mineral resources, for which there is also descriptive nomenclature (ASTM C294), the terms related to the available quantities of the resource must be defined. In this instance, the term resource refers to the total amount of the mineral that has been estimated to be available ultimately. The term reserves refers to well-identified resources that can profitably be extracted and utilized by means of existing technology. In many countries, fossil fuel resources are often classified as a subgroup of the total mineral resources. 

TABLE 10-1 Some Naturally Occurring Fatty Acids Structure, Properties, and Nomenclature... 

The scarcity of reviews1 and recent interest in thiochromanones and related compounds calls for a comprehensive summary of this area of heterocyclic chemistry. The apparent similarity between these systems and the naturally occurring chromanones, chromones (flavones), chromenes, etc., is responsible for the continued importance of these sulfur heterocycles. Chemical Abstracts (through November, 1973) has been employed as the principal reference source and nomenclature guide for this review. 

The Joint IUPAC/IUBMB Commission has published many recommendations dealing wiLh the nomenclature of natural products. The IUBMB Commission on Nomenclature has also issued a number of recommendations dealing with areas of a more biochemical nature and for naming enzymes. 

Avnir et al. llbl have examined the classical definitions and terminology of chirality and subsequently determined that they are too restrictive to describe complex objects such as large random supermolecular structures and spiral diffusion-limited aggregates (DLAs). Architecturally, these structures resemble chiral (and fractal) dendrimers therefore, new insights into chiral concepts and nomenclature are introduced that have a direct bearing on the nature of dendritic macromolecular assemblies, for example, continuous chirality measure44 and virtual enantiomers. ... 

Macias, F. A., Varela, R. M., Torres, A., and Molinillo, J. M. G. 2000. Potential allelopathic activity of natural plant heliannanes a proposal of absolute configuration and nomenclature. J. Chem. Ecol. 26, 2173-2186... 

Sulphur, in accord with its similarity to oxygen, can be substituted for it in many of its compounds without essentially altering their chemical nature, and the compounds thus obtained have the same nomenclature as the corresponding oxygen compounds, except that the prefix thio or sulpho is used. Thus sulpho-salts are produced in the same manner as the oxy-salts above ... 

The complex nature and interconnectivity of plant cell wall polymers preclude straightforward enzymatic digestion. There are dozens of enzyme families involved in plant cell wall hydrolysis, including cellulases, hemicellu-lases, pectinases, and lignin-modifying enzymes. The Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) has classified cellulases and hemicellulases, like all enzymes, into different classes based on activity. Table 33.2 and Table 33.3, compiled from the IUBMB enzyme nomenclature database (http //www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/ enzyme/), list the IUBMB enzyme classifications for cellulases and hemicellulases.153... 

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