Natural rubber microscopy

Figure 12.4. Optical microscopy of a dispersion of MWNTs in natural rubber. Vertical dimension of the picture 140 pm.

Optical microscopy can be used to assess the dispersion quality of the nanotubes during the different steps of the composite processing. Figure 12.4 shows a uniform distribution of particles on macroscopic and microscopic scales after adding an isopropyl suspension of MWNTs to a solution of natural rubber (NR). Considering the resolution limit of optical microscopy, we deduce the absence of aggregates larger than one micrometer. [Pg.350]

Nishi, T., Nukaga, H., Fujinami, S., and Nakajima, K., Nanomechanical mapping of carbon black reinforced natural rubber by atomic force microscopy, Chinese J. Polym. Sci., 25,35 1 (2007). [Pg.159]

Watabe, H., Komura, M., Nakajima, K., and Nishi, T., Atomic force microscopy of mechanical property of natural rubber, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 44, 5393-5396 (2005). [Pg.159]

Mondragon et al. [250] used unmodified and modified natural mbber latex (uNRL and mNRL) to prepare thermoplastic starch/natural rubber/montmorillonite type clay (TPS/NR/Na+-MMT) nanocomposites by twin-screw extrusion. Transmission electron microscopy showed that clay nanoparticles were preferentially intercalated into the mbber phase. Elastic modulus and tensile strength of TPS/NR blends were dramatically improved as a result of mbber modification. Properties of blends were almost unaffected by the dispersion of the clay except for the TPS/ mNR blend loading 2 % MMT. This was attributed to the exfoliation of the MMT. [Pg.144]

Photomicrographs of these compositions at the 25% resin concentration confirm the incompatibility of polystyrene and the compatibility of poly(vinyl cyclohexane) with natural rubber. These are shown in Pigs. 3 and 4. A dispersed resin about 2-4y in size, phase is clearly seen in the polystyrene example, while the blend containing poly(vinyl cyclohexane) has no visible structure within the limits of resolution of the equipment. The circles in the center of Fig. 4 are artifacts resulting from preparation of the sample for microscopy. [Pg.274]

Microscopy Techniques Scanning Electron Microscopy. Polymers Natural Rubber Synthetic. [Pg.3086]

See also Activation Analysis Neutron Activation. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation. Chromatography Overview Principles. Gas Chromatography Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry. Headspace Analysis Static Purge and Trap. Infrared Spectroscopy Near-Infrared Industrial Applications. Liquid Chromatography Normal Phase Reversed Phase Size-Exclusion. Microscopy Techniques Scanning Electron Microscopy. Polymers Natural Rubber Synthetic. Process Analysis Chromatography. Sample Dissolution for Elemental Analysis Dry... [Pg.3732]

AFM, atomic force microscopy DMA, dynamic mechanical analysis DSC, differential scanning calorimetry flVR, oxidized natural rubber FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy NR, natural rubber PLA, poly(lactic acid) QP, quaternary phosphonium salt TGA, thermogravimetric anal is TPU, thermoplastic polyurethane XPCL, end-carboxylated teledielic... [Pg.85]

ENR, epoxidized natural rubber ESEM, environmental scanning electron microscopy FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy GNP, gold nanoparticle NR, natural mbber NRL, natural rubber latex SEM, scanning electron microscopy XRD, X-ray diffraction. [Pg.86]

The poly(methyl methacrylate) molecules were dispersed in the natural rubber matrix, or vice versa, to form spherical droplets, as observed by optical photographs or scanning electron microscopy. The compatible natural rubber/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends had been made by the addition of the graft copolymer of natural rubber-gr t-poly(methyl methacrylate) as the compatibilizing agent due to its ability to enhance the interfacial adhesion between the two homopolymers. Moreover, Nakasorn and coworkers reported that natural rubber-gr i -poly(methyl methacrylate) could be blended with poly(methyl methacrylate) via a dynamic vulcanization technique with a conventional sulfur vulcanization system. The natural rubber-gra/t-poly(methyl methacrylate) was synthesized by a semi-batch emulsion polymerization technique via different bipolar redox initiation systems, i.e. cumene hydroperoxide and tetraethylene pentamine. ... [Pg.325]

In the liquid phase, the poly(methyl methacrylate) mixed in situ with natural rubber in toluene solution formed a natural rubber/poly(methyl methacrylate) blend with a low natural rubber content, but it had an inhomogeneous appearance that was confirmed by optical microscopy (Figure 13.3). The inclusion complex of natural rubber in the poly(methyl methacrylate) resulted in non-uniformly dispersed, variably sized globules or spherical-like particles throughout the samples regardless of the concentrations. Furthermore, the natural rubber had the tendency to form a wider phase when its proportion in the solution was more than 3% w/w. ... [Pg.328]

The incompatibility of natural rubber/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends was also confirmed in solid form using scanning electron microscopy (Figure 13.4). For the solid natural rubber/poly(methyl methacrylate) blended films prepared by solution mixing and casting methods, the low level of the poly(methyl methacrylate) phase was found to be dispersed as domains in the continuous natural rubber matrix. The increasing amount of poly(methyl methacrylate)... [Pg.328]