Natural Language Computer

Zadeh, L. A., "A computational approach to fuzzy quantifiers in natural languages," Computers and Mathematics with Applications, 9, pp. 149-184,1983. 

Schmucker K.J., (1984) Fuzzy Sets, Natural Language Computations and Risk Analysis, Computer Science Press, Rockville, Madison, USA. 

As was said in the introduction (Section 2.1), chemical structures are the universal and the most natural language of chemists, but not for computers. Computers woi k with bits packed into words or bytes, and they perceive neither atoms noi bonds. On the other hand, human beings do not cope with bits very well. Instead of thinking in terms of 0 and 1, chemists try to build models of the world of molecules. The models ai e conceptually quite simple 2D plots of molecular sti uctures or projections of 3D structures onto a plane. The problem is how to transfer these models to computers and how to make computers understand them. This communication must somehow be handled by widely understood input and output processes. The chemists way of thinking about structures must be translated into computers internal, machine representation through one or more intermediate steps or representations (sec figure 2-23, The input/output processes defined... 

To a computer scientist, VS is nothing but another text mining, only the bits and bytes stored that contain molecular information adopt a format quite different from natural language and without adequate warning cannot be quickly interpreted. It is not that modem day text does not contain text that is not natural language, but that they are adequately flagged and do not stop the NLP software. For example,... 

How do we construct programs that aid us in reasoning as opposed to calculating AI is the underlying science. It has several sub-disciplines, including, for example, robotics, machine vision, natural language understanding and expert systems, each of which will make a contribution to the second computer age. My focus is on expert systems. 

Vogin et al. [235] have created a program for the computer design of a free radical reaction mechanism in the gas phase, in agreement with the rules formulated in Sect. 2.5.3. An algorithm has been devised to transform by the computer the formula of a compound, written in the linear notation described in Sect. 6.2.1 [182], into a canonical notation. Thus, the system both preserves the flexibility of a simple natural language and gains the sophistication of a canonical notation. 

Weizenbaum, J. 1966. Eliza A computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine. Communications of the ACM, 9(1) 36—45. 

In CW, the initial data set is assumed to consist of a collection of propositions expressed in a natural language or, more particularly, in the form of a collection of fuzzy if-then rules. The result of computation, that is, the terminal data set, is likewise a collection of propositions expressed in a natural language. 

Dyer, M. (1991). Symbolic neuroengineering for natural language processing A multilevel research approach. In J. A. Barnden J. B. Pollack (Eds.), Advances in connectionist and neural computation theory High-level connectionist models (Vol. 1, pp. 32-86). Norwood, NJ Ablex Publishing. 

Colmerauer, A., Metamorphosis Grammars, in Natural Language Communication with Computer, Bole, L., Ed., Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1978. 

Copies of the TNO peroxide test databases have been provided to E27.07 and the new versions of CHETAH are expected to contain an extensive database as well as pattern-recognition techniques for estimating the hazard of new materials. The CHETAH software will continue to rely on bond energy data and group contribution calculations to estimate energy release potential. Hopefully, the new versions will also incorporate natural language expert system-type front ends so that the CHETAH program(s) will see expanded use in both analytical and tutorial modes. Copies of the LEILA (8) dissertation have also been provided to E27.07 as an example of an expert system approach to selection and use of appropriate theories and computational methods for the solution of problems in chemical kinetics. 

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