Natural fibers classification

The first step in caring for museum fabrics is to understand them as materials physical and chemical properties of fibers, yams, and fabrics the fabrication method and technique the design layout and color trend factors related to use and the pre- and postacquisition state. Subsequent studies should try to date the objects and determine technical and material peculiarities of each provenance and establish history and classification of fabric technology. Here, briefly, the nature of natural fibers and dyes is discussed since they form the majority of museum fabrics at present. 

One may divide the whole field of fibers in many different ways. One may divide them as natural and synthetic fibers or as potymeric, metallic, and ceramic fibers, etc. One convenient classification is based u[H>n the fiber end use, i.e. apparel and nonapparel fibers. The apparel fibers include synthetic fibers such as nylon, rayon, polyester, spandex, and natural fibers such as wool, cotton, jute, sisal. 

Natural fibers are classified based on their origins, whether they are plant, animal or mineral fibers. All plant fibers are composed of cellulose while animal fibers consist of proteins (hair, silk, and wool). Plant fibers include bast (or stem or soft scleren-chyma) fibers, leaf or hard fibers, seed, fruit, wood, cereal straw, and other grass fibers [1]. Over the last few years, a number of researchers have been involved in investigating the exploitation of natural fibers as load bearing constituents in composite materials. The use of such materials in composites has increased due to their relative cheapness, their ability to be recycled, and because they can compete well in terms of strength per weight of material [2]. Provided below is the classification of natural fibers based on origin ... 

Natural fibers can further be divided into two types plant fibers and animal fibers. Figure 1.2 shows the detailed classification of the different plant fibers. These plant fibers are frequently referred to as lignocellulosic fibers. 

Classification of Polymer Composites Reinforced with Natural Fibers... 

The classification of fibers has been defined by many people, and it is generally accepted that they can be divided broadly into natural fibers and chemical fibers. Figure 3.2 shows the classification of textile fibers. 

Figure 1.2. Classification of fibers. This is different from the commonly used classification of textile fibers. In the textile fiber classification, fibers are divided into natural fibers and man-made fibers.

Natural fibers are subdivided into three categories based on their origin i. e., whether they are derived from Plants, Animals and Minerals. Classification... 

Fiber name Type/general classification Chemical constitution Ionic nature in dyebath... 

The basic nature of composite materials was introduced in Chapter 1. An overall classification scheme was presented, and the mechanical behavior aspects of composite materials that differ from those of conventional materials were described in a qualitative fashion. The book was then restricted to laminated fiber-reinforced composite mafeffals. The basic definitions and how such materials are made were then treated. Finally, the current and potential advantages of composite materials were discussed along with some case histories that clearly reveal how composite materials are used in structures. 

This review is intended to focus on ceramic matrix composite materials. However, the creep models which exist and which will be discussed are generic in the sense that they can apply to materials with polymer, metal or ceramic matrices. Only a case-by-case distinction between linear and nonlinear behavior separates the materials into classes of response. The temperature-dependent issue of whether the fibers creep or do not creep permits further classification. Therefore, in the review of the models, it is more attractive to use a classification scheme which accords with the nature of the material response rather than one which identifies the materials per se. Thus, this review could apply to polymer, metal or ceramic matrix materials equally well. 

At the gin, baled cotton is sampled so that grade and other quality parameters can be determined and the cotton is classed at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) classing offices. Classification is a way of measuring the fiber quality and physical attributes of this natural product that affect the manufacturing efficiency and quality of the finished product (see Chapter 8). Cotton bales are usually stored in warehouses prior to going to the textile mill [42]. 

The most fundamental classification of polymers is whether they are naturally occurring or synthetic. Common natural polymers (often referred to as biopolymers) include macromolecules such as polysaccharides e.g., starches, sugars, cellulose, gums, etc.), proteins e.g., enzymes), fibers e.g., wool, silk, cotton), polyisoprenes e.g., natural rubber), and nucleic acids e.g., RNA, DNA). The synthesis of biodegradable polymers from natural biopolymer sources is an area of increasing interest, due to dwindling world petroleum supplies and disposal concerns. 

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