Nationalism, substate

ANSI/IEEE. Publication 979. Guide for Substation Fire Protection. American National Standards Institute, Washington, DC. 

In 2008, SuperPower, Inc., an electric power component manufacturer in Schenectady, New York, produced a 1,311 meter (.814 mile) length of HTS wire, a new record for the industry. SuperPower recently completed the Albany Cable Project in which a 350 meter (1,148 feet) HTS underground cable was installed in the National Grid power system connecting two substations in Albany, New York. 

Disruption of basic infrastructure or society for example, initiating a computer vims attack, blowing up key electrical substations or factories, attacking government officials and offices, and attacking key cultural icons such as sporting events, tourist destinations, and national monuments. 

Electricity is taken from the National Grid by appropriately located substations which eventually transform the voltage down to 11 kV at a local substation. At the local substation the neutral conductor is formed for single-phase domestic supplies and three-phase supplies to shops, offices and garages. These supplies are usually underground radial supplies from the local substation, but in rural areas we still see transformers and overhead lines suspended on wooden poles. Figures 3.11 and 3.12 give an overview of the system from power-station to consumer. 

Note to paragraph (b) American National Standard National Electrical Safety Code, ANSI/IEEE C2-2012 contains guidelines for the dimensions of access and working space about electric equipment in substations. Installations meeting the ANSI provisions comply with paragraph (b) of this section. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration will determine whether an installation that does not conform to this ANSI standard complies with paragraph (b) of this section based on the following criteria ... 

Individual onshore turbines are interconnected with a medium voltage (usually 34.5 kV) power collection system and communications network by underground cables. At a substation, the medium-voltage electrical current is increased in voltage via a transformer for connection to the high-voltage National Grid system. 

I win provide additional support for the introduction of self-determination as the central notion to consider for the regulation of relations among substate national groups in the next chapter, where 1 define nationhood and explain its relation to self-determination. 

Many contemporary conceptions of nation are informed by the historically contingent dichotomy between state-endowed and substate national groups. Michel Seymour, for example, defines a nation as a national majority alongside national minorities and ethnic groups and formulates his idea of a national culture on the basis of the majority culture. See On Redefining the Nation, Cahier No. 97-01 (Montreal Universite de Montreal, Faculte des arts et des sciences, 1997). 

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