Nasal spray side-effects

Nafarelln (Synarel) GNRH-agonist Nasal soln 2 mg/mL [10 ml] One spray bid in alternating nostrils menopausal-like side effects usage limited to 6 months because of osteoporosis. 

Sodium chloride 0.9% is safe and effective in relieving rhinorrhoea. It is safer to use in children than topical nasal decongestants (xylometazoline), which are to be avoided in children under 6 years as the latter are more likely are cause side-effects (such as effects on sleep or hallucinations). Budesonide spray is used for allergic conditions and is not normally used in paediatric patients. Benzydamine spray is a throat spray intended to relieve pain in the throat. Mupirocin is indicated for staphylococcal infections. 

Put the following adverse effects of fluticasone aqueous nasal spray in order of occurrence, assigning 1 to the side-effect that occurs most commonly and 3 to the side-effect that occurs least commonly. 

Hurt, R. D., Dale, L. C., Croghan, G. A., Croghan, I. T., Gomez-Dahl, L. C. and Offord, K. P. 1998. Nicotine nasal spray for smoking cessation Pattern of use, side effects, relief of withdrawal symptoms, and cotinine levels. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, ly. 118-125. 

Nafarelin is available as Synarel, a nasal preparation. The head should be tilted back and 30 seconds allowed to elapse between each spray. Nafarelin is rapidly absorbed by the nasal mucosa. Maximum serum levels occur in 10-40 minutes. Rhinitis is a common side effect. Sneezing should be avoided after administration. Nasal decongestants must not be used for 2 hours following each dose. 

The synthetic vasopressin peptide, desmopressin, has been extensively investigated and shown to be effective as tricyclic antidepressants in the control of nocturnal enuresis and to enhace the enuretic night alarm treatment. The side effects are relatively few (nasal pain, conjunctivitis) when given by nasal spray. The precise mechanism of action of this peptide is unknown. 

Side effects specific to nicotine delivery systems are mainly caused by local irritation at the site of administration. For example, nausea, indigestion, sore gums, and mouth ulceration may occur when using the gum. The patches may cause skin irritation, which is characterized by erythema, pruritus, edema, and rarely, vesicles. The nasal spray may cause irritation of the nasal mucosa, sneezing, coughing, and lacrimation, although tolerance to these effects develops rapidly with continued use. Side effects from the inhaler include mild mouth and throat irritation and coughing (181). 

The administration of nasal drops or sprays may sometimes cause temporary irritation of the nasal mucosa. Systemic (side) effects, e.g. of decongestants, may be seen as a result of absorption by the nasal mucosa and the gastrointestinal tract. Problems of this kind can be avoided, if the patient carefully follows the instructions for use, the quantity to be administered and the duration of the therapy. 

When used correctly, nasal drops and sprays will not come into contact with the taste buds, but nevertheless they can give a sensation of taste [23]. This is easy to understand, as the olfactory organ plays an important role in the experience of taste. The clearance through the nasopharynx can be another cause, as a bitter taste is mainly observed at the rear of the tongue. Usually nasal preparations do not contain any flavouring agents. A side effect of especially nasal sprays may be a change in the users sensation of smell and taste. Examples are nasal sprays with fluticasone and with buserelin (Suprefact ). 

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