NASA Cares

The NASA CARES program can be found at http // www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/LPB/cares/life/refs.html. 

Mercury has no natural satellites and consequently it is not an easy task to determine the planet s mass. By carefully recording the acceleration of the Mariner 10 qrace probe during its close encounters with planet, however, NASA scientists were able to determine a Mercurian mass equivalent to 1/6,023,600 that of the Sun. This mass, of about 3.3x10 kg, isscme6% that of the Earth s mass. 

T.J.Z. and R.R. acknowledge partial support of this paper pursuant to a contract with the National Foundation for Cancer Research. R.R. also acknowledges support of NASA grant NSG-7305. We would like to thank Masayuki Shibata for his careful reading of the manuscript. Deborah Raye s assistance in the preparation of the manuscript is gratefully acknowledged. 

A mapping was made between the system-level safety requirements and constraints and the individual responsibilities of each component in the NASA safety control structure to see where and how requirements are enforced. The ITA program was at the time being carefully defined and documented. In other situations, where such documentation may be lacking, interview or other techniques may need to be used to elicit how the organizational control structure actually works. In the end, complete documentation should exist in order to maintain and operate the system safely. While most organizations have job descriptions for each employee, the safety-related responsibilities are not necessarily separated out or identified, which can lead to unidentified gaps or overlaps. 

A more careful comparison has also been made. JAXA (the Japanese Space Agency) and MIT engineers compared the use of STPA on a JAXA unmanned spacecraft (HTV) to transfer cargo to the International Space Station (ISS). Because human life is potentially involved (one hazard is collision with the International Space Station), rigorous NASA hazard analysis standards using fault trees and other analyses had been employed and reviewed by NASA. In an STPA analysis of the HTV used in an evaluation of the new technique for potential use at JAXA, all of the hazard causal factors identified by the fault tree analysis were identified also by STPA [88]. As with the BMDS comparison, additional causal factors were identified by STPA alone. These additional causal factors again involved those related to more sophisticated types of errors beyond simple component failures and those related to software and human errors. 

CARES (Ceranfics Analysis and Reliability Evaluation of Structures) is a public-domain program from the National Aeronautic and Space Agency (NASA) that incorporates Weibull statistics. The program was formally known by the less friendly acronym SCARE (Structural Ceranfics Analysis and Reliability Evaluation). 

Engineers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) had to overcome many technical challenges to meet President Kennedy s important goal. To do so, they carefully planned, designed, and tested many projects. Each project brought them one step closer to their goal, until they were finally successful. After Apollo 11, astronauts flew six more missions to the moon, returning home safely every time. 

Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the aviation industry. NASA, external to the industry, accepts confldential narratives about near misses and accidents up to the point of a crash (Reynard, Billings, Cheaney, and Hardy, 1986). The system is voluntary, confidential, and nonpunitive, and its purpose is to collect and use incident data to improve the national aviation system. The ASRS supports aviation system policy, planning, and improvement and strengthens the foundation of human factors research in aviation by identifying deficiencies for correction by appropriate authorities. The Veterans Administration is the only health care entity to contract with NASA for a blameless reporting system at this time. 

The contributions of the following reviewers vastly improved the content of the book Roger Rezar, M.D., Luther-Midelfort Hospital, Eau Claire, Wisconsin Della Lin, M.D., the Queen s Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii Richard Cook, M.D., Cognitive Technologies Laboratories, University of Chicago Peter Provonost, M.D., Ph.D., critical care medicine, Johns Hopkins University Jim Conway, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Linda Connell, M.A., R.N., the NASA Ames Research Center and Anne-Claire France, Ph.D., the Center for Healthcare Improvement, Memorial Hermann Healthcare System, Houston. 

The development of modeling techniques to predict the fast fracture reliability of structural ceramics involves the implementation of finite element models to statistical and fracture mechanics analysis such as the ones found in CARES. This postprocessor developed by NASA-Lewis was recently available for ANSVS and is being evaluated under this contract. Updated versions of the program will be received shortly. Finite element MOR and tension models have been generated and will be compared with experimental results. Final results will be available in later reports. 

N. Nemeth, 0. Manderscheid, J. Gyekenyesi, "CARES Users and Programers Manual," NASA Technical Paper TP2916, 1990. 

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