Naphthylenes

The starting point in the prepration of these rubbers is a polyester prepared by reacting a glycol such as ethylene or propylene glycol with adipic acid. This is then reacted with an excess of a bulky di-isocyanate such as 1,5-naphthylene di-isoyanate (Figure 27.3). 

Only a few building blocks are available for the synthesis of ester-containing rigid mesogenic units, namely dihydroxy-, dicarboxy-, or (hydroxy, carboxy)-l,4-phenylenes, 4,4,-biphenylenes, and 2,6-, 1,4-, or 1,5-naphthylenes (Table 2.15). 

This type of one-pot reaction represents a simple method for the synthesis of a large variety of cyclic OPV oligomers of different sizes and composed of different arylene building blocks, such as phenylene, biphenyl-diyl and naphthylene. The compounds are suitable subjects for the study of photoinduced Z/ -isome-risation and photocyclization. 

Meier et al. have also contributed to the field of cyclic PAV oligomers with the synthesis of cyclic dl -trans (all- ) trimers (e.g. 113) containing alkoxy-substituted 1,7-naphthylene and 1,9-phenanthrylene building blocks, via a Siegrist-type trimerizing olefination [134,135]. Suitable substitution at the periphery of the cyclic trimers allows for the formation of stable, thermotropic discotic mesophases [134]. 

At the end of a charging process, nearly every 7t-unit is singly charged in the case of the naphthylene derivatives and doubly charged in the oligoanthrylenes. 

Fig. 2.3. Chemical structure of several SERMs in naphthylene group...

At Kodak, researchers used a rigid adamantane moiety to separate the luminescent oligo(phenylene vinylene) blocks (copolymers 182, 183) [213], The EL color can be tuned from blue (AEL = 470 nm) to green (AEL = 516 nm) by replacing a phenylene unit in 182 for 2,7-naphthylene (183). A very low turn-on voltage of 5.5 V (as for this class of materials) was achieved in the device ITO/182/Mg Ag, but no EL efficiency was reported (Chart 2.40). 

M. Hohloch, J.L. Segura, S.E. Dottinger, D. Honhholz, E. Steinhuber, H. Spreitzer, and M. Hanack, Design, synthesis and study of photoluminescence and electroluminescence of new poly(2,6-naphthylene vinylene) derivatives, Synth. Met., 84 319-322, 1997. 

The ability to adopt an extended configuration has been recognised for many years to be a desirable feature of substantive dyes. It helps to explain why J acid is such a popular choice as a central component in unsymmetrical disazo dyes. For example, it is much easier for aniline—>] acid—>H acid (3.61) with the 2,6-naphthylene substitution pattern to adopt a linear conformation than for the similar disazo dyes aniline—acid— H acid (3.62) and aniline—>H acid—>J acid (3.63) with 2,7- and 2,8-disubstitution respectively. 

Aromatic polyesters were particularly good candidates for this new field of thermotropic main-chain polymers, since the relatively low energy of association of the ester groups led to low inter-chain forces. Further research led to the discovery that incorporation of 2,6-naphthylene or of 4,4 -biphenylyl groups, in addition to p-phenylene groups, as components of aromatic polyesters, introduced a useful new degree of randomness. Particularly useful, and the basis of the commercial products Vectra (polymer) and Vectran (fibre) from Hoechst-Celanese and Kuraray, are the copolymers formed by polymerisation of mixtures of p-acetoxybenzoic acid and 6-acetoxy-2-naphthoic acid. Within a range of... 

Miyatake, K., Asano, N. and Watanabe, M. 2003. Synthesis and properties of novel sulfonated polyimides containing 1,5-naphthylene moieties. Journal of Polymer Science Part A Polymer Chemistry 41 3901-3907. 

Synonyms 1,2-Benzacenaphthene Benzo[/i]fluorene CCRIS 1034 EINECS 205-912-4 FA Idiyl 1,2-(1,8-Naphthylene)benzene 1,2-(1,8-Naphthalenediyl)benzene NSC 6803 RCRA waste number U120. 

Naphthylene)benzene, see Fluoranthene a-Naphthyl methylcarbamate, see Carbaryl 1-Naphthyl methylcarbamate, see Carbaryl... 

The induction of PAL activity at the onset of vascular differentiation can be shown by the use of plant tissue cultures (37-39). Xylem cells with secondary and lignified walls are differentiated over a time course of 3-14 days by the application of the plant growth factors naphthylene acetic acid (NAA) and kinetin in the ratio 5 1 (1.0 mg/liter NAA, 0.2 mg/liter kinetin) to tissue cultures of bean cells (Phaseolus vulgaris) (37,40). The time for differentiation varies with the type of culture, solid or suspension, and with the frequency and duration of subculture, but for any one culture it is relatively constant (37,41,42). At the time of differentiation when the xylem vessels form, the activity of PAL rises to a maximum. The rising phase of the enzyme activity was inhibited by actinomycin D and by D-2,4-(4-methyl-2,6-dinitroanilino)-N-methylpropionamide (MDMP) applied under carefully controlled conditions (42). This indicated that both transcription and translation were necessary for the response to the hormones. Experiments using an antibody for PAL and a cDNA probe for the PAL-mRNA have also shown that there is an increase in the amount of transcript for PAL during the formation of lignin when Zinnia mesophyll cells are induced to form xylem elements in culture (Lin and Northcote, unpublished work). 

Fluoranthene (Called 1,2-benzo-acenaphthy-len or 1,8-o-phenylen-naphthylen in Ger), C16H10(Thought to be ClaH10in early literature), mw 202.24, colorless ndls, sp gr 1.158 at 20°, nD 1.739 at 20°, bp 393°, 217°(30mm Hg), mp 109.5-110.5°, sol In benz, chlf, eth, HAc hot ale. A tetracyclic fused ring aromatic hydrocarbon, this material is found in some coal tars. It forms definite complexes with many poly nitrated aromatics (Refs 1 to 6) Refs 1) Beil 5, 685, (340, 344), [609] 2276 2) J. vonBraun E. Anton, Ber... 

Polymere aus cychschen Olefinen, die ebenfalls nicht kristaUin er-halten werden konnten, die abet einen groBtenteils stereoregularen Auf-bau habcn sollen, wurden von Yamada tmd Mitarbeitern 104) aus Ace-naphthylen (XXXII) rmd Inden (XXVII) mit Hilfe kationischer, radi-kalischer und mctallorganischer Mischkatalysatoren erhalten. Bei den... 

The step 4 product was also amidized with L-pyroglutamic acid and naphthylen-2-yl... 

Names for radicals derived from the bridged hydrocarbons considered in Rule A-34.1 are constructed in accordance with the principles set forth in Rule A-24. The abbreviated radical names naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, naphthylene, etc., permitted as exceptions to Rules A-24.2 and A-24.4, are replaced in such cases by the regularly formed names naphthalenyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, naphthalenediyl, etc. 

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