Naphthas, hydroformed

Naphthas, Hydroformed. Produced by the Standard Oil Development Co (Ref 1) by passing... 

Hydrogenation Hydroformylation 100-300 edible oils hydrogasification hydrocracking desulfurization catalytic cracking naphtha hydroforming coal liquefaction fatty alcohols 1-6-hexanediol 1-4-butanediol hexamethylenedi amine C4 to Cl5 products... 

The reaction takes place above 20 atms press and above 482°, with suitable H2 partial press and contact time necessary to obtain destructive hydrogenation without the formation of poly merized material. The resulting hydroformed naphthas may be halogenated, sulfonated or nitrated... 

Nitrated Hydroformed Naphthas. The nitration of hydroformed naphthas with mixed nitric-sulfuric acid contg a small amt of w (Ref 2) produced materials which may be used either in expls or as intermediates in the dye industry. 

Conventional hydroforming is carried out at temperatures of 850° to 1000° F. and pressures of 150 to 300 pounds per square inch gage. Recycle gas rates normally range between 2000 and 4000 cubic feet per barrel of naphtha. Reaction periods of 2 to 12 hours are normally employed in the fixed-bed units. 

Figure 1. Thermal Reforming vs. Hydroforming of East Texas Virgin Heavy Naphtha...

The various reactions involved in hydroforming of petroleum naphthas have been ably investigated and reported (2-7) during the past 10 years. Consequently, the principal ones are only briefly reviewed at this time. These are ... 

Conventional Fixed-Bed Hydroforming. Pilot plant results on Hastings, California, East Texas, West Texas, and mid-continent heavy naphthas for the fixed-bed process are summarized in Table V the feed stock inspections are presented as Table VI. Yield-octane curves based on these data are on Figure 2, where the wide variation from naphthas of different compositions is apparent. The following tabulation shows the relative yields at two octane levels ... 

Figure 2. Conventional Fixed-Bed Hydroforming of Various Virgin Naphthas...

Table V. Typical Pilot Plant Data for Conventional Fixed-Bctd Hydroforming of Various Virgin Heavy Naphthas...

A large volume of data has been compiled from the fluid hydroforming pilot plant just described. These data show definite improvement over fixed-bed hydroforming from a yield standpoint. A yield comparison has been made graphically on Figure 4 for operation on mid-continent heavy naphtha. Detailed data for this comparison are presented... 

Table VII. Combination Hydroforming-Desulfurization of High-Sulfur Dehexanized California Cracked Naphtha (217/426° F.)...

Pilot plant data for fluid catalyst hydroforming of East Texas heavy naphtha are summarized in Table X, and are compared with fixed-bed hydroforming pilot plant data in Figure 6. Comparative data on the East Texas naphthas employed in the pilot plant comparison of Figure 6 are shown in the following tabulation ... 

Table X. Pilot Plant Data on Fluid Catalyst Hydroforming of East Texas Naphtha...

The economics of thermal reforming and hydroforming of sweet and sour heavy straight-run naphthas have been compared recently by McLaurin, McIntosh, and Kaufman (15). They concluded that the relative economics of the two processes were virtually the same for both feed stocks. 

Extractive distillation was the basis of a process introduced commercially by the Shell Development Co. and put into operation in 1940 at the Houston refinery of the Shell Oil Co., Inc., for separating toluene from virgin stocks (6) subsequently it was used also on hydroformates and cracked naphthas. This process, shown diagrammatically in Figure 3, involves the production of a toluene concentrate by distillation to remove low and high boiling contaminants, which then is extractively distilled with phenol to separate the aromatics from the paraffin (5). The extract is obtained as a bottoms stream from the extractive distillation tower, and is further fractionated in a distillation tower to separate raw toluene from the phenol, after which the toluene is acid treated and redis-... 

WWII. Development of hydroforming 45 processes for petroleum naphthas insured availability of unlimited quantities of toluene. Improved purification procedures for toluene were also developed. US capacity for producing TNT reached 3.6 billion lbs per year. Widespread use of binary expls (TNT with PETN, RDX, Tetryl, Ammonium Picrate, etc), and of aluminized TNT compns... 

Hydroforming a process in which naphthas are passed over a catalyst at elevated... 

A process involving catalytic dehydrogenation in the presence of hydrogen is known as hydroforming. Toluene, benzene, and other aromatic materials can be economically produced from naphtha feed stocks in this way. After the toluene is separated from the other components, it is condensed and cooled in a process such as the one shown in Fig. P4.87. For every 100 kg of stock charged into the system, 27.5 kg of a toluene and water mixture (9.1% water) are produced as overhead vapor and condensed by the charge stream. Calculate ... 

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