Hydroformer

Earlier processes (e.g. hydroforming) used MoO,i —AI2O3 catalysis but platinum-based catalysts are now extensively used, enabling longer on-stream times before catalyst replacement. 

It is produced from petroleum fractions rich in naphthenes by catalytic reforming in the presence of hydrogen (hydroforming) in this process dehydrogenation .nd dealkylation... 

Cataljdic reactions performed in fluid beds are not too numerous. Among these are the oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride, the Deacon process for oxidizing HCl to CI2, producing acrylonitrile from propylene and ammonia in an oxidation, and the ethylene dichloride process. In the petroleum industry, cataljdic cracking and catalyst regeneration is done in fluid beds as well as some hydroforming reactions. 

While there are hydroformers still operating, reforming today is generally carried out in fixed bed units using platinum catalysts, because of their superior product yield and distribution. Fluid platinum catalyst processes are not feasible because catalyst losses would be too great. 

Fluid coking is very insensitive to poor gas-solids contacting, but has one problem not faced by cat cracking or hydroforming. If the heavy residual oil is fed too fast to the reactor, the coke particles will become wetted and stick together in large unfluidizable lumps. Correct control of feed rate is necessary to prevent this bogging. 

Several processes based on non-precious metal also exist. Because of high catalyst deactivation rates with these catalyst systems, they all require some form of continuous regeneration. The Fluid Hydroforming process uses fluid solids techniques to move catalyst between reactor and regenerator TCR and Hyperforming use some form of a moving bed system. 

Cj Hydroformation of CO with high-molecular weight olefins on either a cobalt or ruthenium complex bound to polymers. 

Naphthas, Hydroformed. Produced by the Standard Oil Development Co (Ref 1) by passing... 

The reaction takes place above 20 atms press and above 482°, with suitable H2 partial press and contact time necessary to obtain destructive hydrogenation without the formation of poly merized material. The resulting hydroformed naphthas may be halogenated, sulfonated or nitrated... 

Nitrated Hydroformed Naphthas. The nitration of hydroformed naphthas with mixed nitric-sulfuric acid contg a small amt of w (Ref 2) produced materials which may be used either in expls or as intermediates in the dye industry. 

Another approach to scale-up is the use of simplified models with key parameters or lumped coefficients found by experiments in large beds. For example, May (1959) used a large scale cold reactor model during the scale-up of the fluid hydroforming process. When using the large cold models, one must be sure that the cold model properly simulates the hydrodynamics of the real process which operates at elevated pressure and temperature. 

Fluid Hydroforming An early catalytic reforming process in which the catalyst was used in a continuously regenerated fluidized bed. Developed by the MW Kellogg Company. 

Very recently, a tandem sequence consisting of enolboration/hydroform-ylation/aldol reaction has been described [88]. Here configuration of the enol boronate is transferred to the aldol product, allowing good to excellent di-astereoselectivities in the hydroformylation/aldol reaction. With this method, 5-7-membered rings are obtained in excellent yields (Scheme 35). 

Hydroforming. The use of hydrogen and pressure and a catalyst to convert an olefinic hydrocarbon to a branch-chain paraffin. 

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