Polymer composite nanoparticles

Hirai T, Watanabe T, Komasawa I (2000) Preparation of semiconductor nanoparticle-polymer composites by direct reverse micelle polymerization using polymerizable surfactants. J Phys Chem B 104 8962-8966... 

Sambhy V, MacBride MM, Peterson BR et al. (2006) Silver bromide nanoparticle/polymer composites dual action tunable antimicrobial materials. J Am Chem Soc 128 9798-9808... 

Due to the presence of the ionic P4VP-Re-complex block on the film surface, nanoparticles decorated with anionic functional groups can be deposited on the copolymer film surface by electrostatic attraction. The copolymer film was immersed into a solution of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (diameter = 10 nm), functionalized with carboxylate groups on the particle surface. The attachment of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles on the film surface was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, particles deposited on the cylindrical blocks in the copolymer film surface were also observed in AFM image (Figure 5.12). This approach has potential in fabricating nanoparticle-polymer composites on patterned surface. 

Data obtained from Sambhy, V, et al. Published on the Web 7/7/2006. Silver Bromide Nanoparticle/Polymer Composites. Journal oftheAmerican Chemical Society. 

Bagaria HG, Kadali SB, Wong MS (2009) Shell thickness control of nanoparticle/polymer composite microcapsules (unpublished)... 

Shin, S.H., Kim, Y.H., Jung, J.Y., Lee, M.H., Nah, J., 2014. Solvent-assisted optimal BaUOs nanoparticles-polymer composite cluster formation for high performance piezoelectric nanogenerators. Nanotechnology 25,485401. 

In solution mixing, in order to overcome the limitations of melt mixing method, both the polymer and the nanoparticles are dissolved or dispersed in solution. This method enables modification of the particle surface without drying, which reduces particle agglomeration. After dissolvation the nanoparticle/ polymer solution can be cast into a solid, or solvent evaporation or precipitation methods can be used for isolation of nanoparticle/polymer composite. Conventional techniques can be used for further processing [Lee. E. S, 2004]. 

Figure 11.2 Scheme for efficient charge separation in a nanoparticle-polymer composite (adapted from [13]) (a) absorption in the polymer is followed by an electron transfer process to the nanoparticle (electron acceptor), (b) absorption in the polymer is followed by an exciton transfer process to the nanoparticle, followed by the hole transfer to the polymer (c) absorption in the nanoparticle is followed by hole transfer to the polymer [23]... 

Another concept that has been explored is that of diffused and fractal p-n junctions in nanoparticle-polymer composites with both p- and n-type nanoparticles. Diffused junctions are obtained upon converting p-type particles into n-type. One can obtain an area consisting of pure p-type and pure n-type particles close to the electrodes, with an intermixed region inbetween the electrodes. Peculiar effects are observed in the intermixed layers since the nanoparticles sizes are similar or smaller than the Debye screening length [30, 31]. 

In summary, nanoparticles and polymers can form two distinct components in a composite with a diverse set of properties. The origin of these properties is distinctly different in the two components. One can tailor properties in composites by exploiting the various attributes. Nanoparticle-polymer composites demonstrate a synergistic approach to enhance efficiency in a variety of phenomena and in certain instances to achieve a complete set of novel properties. Considerable efforts to sort out issues such as processibility and stability should lead to the use of such combinations of materials as potential routes to many nanotechnology-based device applications. 

Sambhy, V., MacBride, M.M., Peterson, B.R. and Sen, A. 2006. Silver bromide nanoparticle/ polymer composites Dual action tunable antimicrobial materials. 

Surface-active agents can be embedded in a nanofiber membrane by chemical functionalization, by postspinning modification, by physical adsorption, or by nanoparticle polymer composites. 

F. M. Pavel and R. A. Mackay, Reverse micellar synthesis of a nanoparticle/polymer composite,... 

A.C. Balazs, T. Rmrick, T.P. Russell, Nanoparticle polymer composites, where two small warlds meet. Science 314 (2006) 1107. 

Nano- and Micro-Mechanics of Polymer Blends and Composites, J. Karger-kocsis S. Fakirov, Sample Chapter 3 Nanoparticles/Polymer Composites Fabrication and Mechanical Properties, 978-1-56990-435-0 1-56990-435-9. 

Zhang, H. Han, J. Yang, B., Structural Fabrication and Functional Modulation of Nanoparticle-Polymer Composites. Adv. Punct. Mater. 2010,20, 1533-1550. 

For nanoparticle/polymer composites using melt blending, the particles are difficult to disperse in the matrix due to strong van der Waals forces and the agglomeration of nanoparticles. The effect of different synthesis conditions (such as temperature, rotation, and time) on the mechanical properties has an impact on the dispersion of nanoparticles. 

Cai LF, Huang XB, Rong MZ, Ruan WH, Zhang MQ (2006) Fabrication of nanoparticle/ polymer composites by in situ bubble-stretching and reactive compatibilization. Macromol Chem Phys 207(22) 2093-2102... 

Balazs AC, Emrick T, Russell TP (2006) Nanoparticle polymer composites where two small worlds meet Scicmce 314 1107-1110... 

Figure 21.8. Schematic illustrations showing (a) grafted and (c) untreated nanoparticles/polymer composites before and after stretching. Magnified TEM photo in (b) shows that fibril-like agglomerates indeed contain networked microstructure...

There have been many efforts to synthesize size selected ZnS with a very narrow size distribution, however only a few were successfiil. Most of the techniques follow a capping route and a wet chemical synthesis with solvents like mercaptoethanol, ethanol, methanol, acetonitril, dimethylformamide (DMF) etc. Verities of physical and chemical techniques are used for the synthesis of nanoparticle polymer composite, so that the film can be cast directly, thus avoiding the loading of the particles via multistage processes. In present studies the nanociystaline ZnS samples in powder form and in nanocomposite form were prepared by chemical technique. 

Nanoparticles/Polymer Composites Fabrication and Mechanical Properties... 

The present chapter reviews the recent achievements in the fabrication of nanoparticles/polymer composites acquired in the authors laboratory, including the specific surface pre-treatment approaches and their applications. In addi-... 

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