Nanomaterials synthesis, using formation

As mentioned earlier, biological systems have developed optimized strategies to design materials with elaborate nanostructures [6]. A straightforward approach to obtaining nanoparticles with controlled size and organization should therefore rely on so-called biomimetic syntheses where one aims to reproduce in vitro the natural processes of biomineralization. In this context, a first possibility is to extract and analyze the biological (macro)-molecules that are involved in these processes and to use them as templates for the formation of the same materials. Such an approach has been widely developed for calcium carbonate biomimetic synthesis [13]. In the case of oxide nanomaterials, the most studied system so far is the silica shell formed by diatoms [14]. 

At first, however, this review will provide the reader with a critical overview over the most commonly used nanomaterials. The emphasis here will be particularly on those aspects of their synthesis, manipulation, and characterization that are of significant importance for their use as dopants in liquid crystalline phases or as precursors for the formation of liquid crystalline superstructures including size and size-distribution, shape, chemical purity, post-synthesis surface modifications, stability of capping monolayers, and overall thermal as well as chemical stability. 

The radiation synthesis of polymeric nanocomposites is one of the promising technologies in the production of polymeric nanomaterials (Taleb et al. 2012). Along with the polymerization of monomers in situ (Liu et al. 2001, Meszaros and Czvikovszky 2007), radiation-induced cross-linking leads to the reinforcement of the available polymeric matrix owing to additional bond formation both between polymer chains of the matrix (Glhsel et al. 2003, Sharif et al. 2007) and between the polymer matrix and filler particles (KrkljeS et al. 2007, Planes et al. 2010). It is a very useful technique to improve the thermal stability, stress crack resistance, solvent resistance, and... 

Tremendous research works have been performed on the synthesis of conducting polymer nanomaterials using dispersion polymerization method [181-188]. There are two categories of dispersion polymerization in order to fabricate the conducting polymer colloids. The first approach forms polymer stabilizer coated conducting polymer nanoparticles. In this case, the monomer and oxidant are dissolved in a stabilized liquid mediiun and the formation of insoluble conducting polymer nanoparticles occurs as the polymerization proceeds. 

Basic principles required for the formation with structural description of hetero-metaUic alkoxides used as single-source molecular precursors toward the synthesis of nanomaterials with required functional properties at the nanoscale. 

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