Nanofiltration process design

Base Case Operating Conditions for Process Design and Membrane Specifications for Commercial Nanofiltration Plant... 

Based on the experimental results, a mathematical model that can express efficiency of a nanofiltration process was proposed, and an industrial-scale nanofiltration process that could process 3.61 of chicken carcasses in a day was designed by applying the model. 

Researchers at Degussa AG focused on an alternative means towards commercial application of the Julia-Colonna epoxidation [41]. Successful development was based on design of a continuous process in a chemzyme membrane reactor (CMR reactor). In this the epoxide and unconverted chalcone and oxidation reagent pass through the membrane whereas the polymer-enlarged organocatalyst is retained in the reactor by means of a nanofiltration membrane. The equipment used for this type of continuous epoxidation reaction is shown in Scheme 14.5 [41]. The chemzyme membrane reactor is based on the same continuous process concept as the efficient enzyme membrane reactor, which is already used for enzymatic a-amino acid resolution on an industrial scale at a production level of hundreds of tons per year [42]. 

Then, by applying the mathematical model, a practical size membrane process was designed. The minimnm pnrity and yield of anserine and carnosine required in the final prodnct were set at 90% and 95%, respectively. The NFT-50 membrane was chosen as the nanofiltration membrane. A flow diagram of the designed process is shown in Fignre 22.12. The simulation result showed that 5.3 m of nanofiltration membrane... 

Tremendous opportunity exists for hybrid processes consisting solely of membrane processes or a combination of membrane and non-membrane processes. Of the large number of potential combinations, studies of several are reported in the literature including nanofiltration with reverse osmosis [99] nanofiltration with electrodialysis [100] ultrafiltration with nanofiltration and reverse osmosis [101] ultrafiltration with membrane distillation [102] nanofiltration with reverse osmosis and a microfiltration membrane-based sorbent [103] microfiltration with flotation [104] microfiltration and ultrafiltration with ozone and activated carbon adsorption [105] and membrane processes with photocatalysis [106-107]. Despite the activity in this area, a comprehensive approach to designing hybrid systems does not exist future work would benefit from the development of such a design framework. 

A father development of the plate-and-frame module is the envelope module. In the GKSS module (Figure 5.5) flat sheet membranes are designed in the envelope type that enables membranes exchange easily. These modules are applicable in nanofiltration, vapor permeation and gas permeation processes and are suited for high operation pressure up 120 bars. The flat sheet membrane module can be used with sweep gas or vacuum operation on the permeate side. The feed gas flows around the membrane envelopes and the permeate is collected over a central collecting pipe, which lead to low pressure losses. The flexible distance between the membrane envelopes makes it possible to create relative constant retentate flows."... 

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