Nanofiltration design

Nanofiltration systems design, 21 667 Nanofiltration technology, advancements in, 21 667-673... 

Nanofiltration water desalination, energy consumption in, 26 87 Nanogold technology, 12 701 Nanoimprinting, optical, 15 193-195 Nano Indentor, 21 743 Nanoinhibitor design, 10 343 Nanomachines, 24 61-62 Nanomaterials, for sensors, 22 266 NanoMatrix, Inc., collagen nanofiber research, 1 723 Nanomedicine, 10 343... 

The idea of using membranes to filter molecules on the basis of size is not without precedent. Dialysis is used routinely to separate low molecular weight species from macromolecules [105]. In addition, nanofiltration membranes are known for certain small molecule separations (such as water purification), but such membranes typically combine both size and chemical transport selectivity and are particularly designed for the separation involved. Hence, in spite of the importance of the concept, synthetic membranes that contain a collection of monodisperse, molecule-sized pores that can be used as molecular filters to separate small molecules on the basis of size are currently not available. 

Researchers at Degussa AG focused on an alternative means towards commercial application of the Julia-Colonna epoxidation [41]. Successful development was based on design of a continuous process in a chemzyme membrane reactor (CMR reactor). In this the epoxide and unconverted chalcone and oxidation reagent pass through the membrane whereas the polymer-enlarged organocatalyst is retained in the reactor by means of a nanofiltration membrane. The equipment used for this type of continuous epoxidation reaction is shown in Scheme 14.5 [41]. The chemzyme membrane reactor is based on the same continuous process concept as the efficient enzyme membrane reactor, which is already used for enzymatic a-amino acid resolution on an industrial scale at a production level of hundreds of tons per year [42]. 

ROSA [Reverse Osmosis System Analysis] 6 only projects reverse osmosis and nanofiltration system performance from a User-controlled set of data input and design decisions. The... 

Fermentation temperature and fermentor design can induce evaporative alcohol losses but these are relatively small. Based on current state of knowledge, choice of yeast and fermentation conditions constrain wine style and do not provide a reliable approach for achieving at least a one percent or greater loss of potential alcohol content of wine (Boulton et al. 1998 de Barros Lopes et al. 2003 Palacios et al. 2007). Several physical techniques, such as spinning-cone and reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration can be used to remove sufficient sugar or alcohol for the production of reduced or low alcohol products (Ferrarini et al. 2008 Grosser 2008). 

Base Case Operating Conditions for Process Design and Membrane Specifications for Commercial Nanofiltration Plant... 

Santafe-Moros, A. Gozalvez-Zafrilla, J. M. Lora-Garcfa, J. Garcfa-Dfaz, J. C., Mixture design applied to describe the influence of ionic composition on the removal of nitrate ions using nanofiltration, Desalination 2005, 185, 289-296. 

G. Grund, C.W. Robinson and B.R. Glick, Protein type effects on steady-state crossflow membrane ultrafiltration fluxes and protein transmission. /. Membr. Sci., 70 (1992) 177. J.L. Negrel, G.M. Rios and J.L. Cuq, Design and performance of new formed-in-place proteinic membranes for nanofiltration. Presented at ISMMP 94, 5-10 April 1994, Hangzhou, P.R. China. 

Mallubhotla, H. Hoffmann, S. Schmidt, M. Vente, J. Belfort, G. Flux enhancement during Dean vortex membrane nanofiltration. 10. Design, construction and system characterization. J. Membr. Sci. 1998, 141, 183-195. 

Membrane-based pretreatment, before reverse osmosis (RO), employing poly electrolytes, is used on wastewater, brackish water, and sea water plants [109-114]. It includes ultrafiltration or nanofiltration membrane units with feed pressure from 1-1.5 to 2.5-4 MPa. RO units need much higher feed pressure, 6-8 up to 10 MPa. It makes the RO technology economically expensive. Decreasing the high feed pressure in RO plants is the main direction for designers efforts. 

Then, by applying the mathematical model, a practical size membrane process was designed. The minimnm pnrity and yield of anserine and carnosine required in the final prodnct were set at 90% and 95%, respectively. The NFT-50 membrane was chosen as the nanofiltration membrane. A flow diagram of the designed process is shown in Fignre 22.12. The simulation result showed that 5.3 m of nanofiltration membrane... 

Based on the experimental results, a mathematical model that can express efficiency of a nanofiltration process was proposed, and an industrial-scale nanofiltration process that could process 3.61 of chicken carcasses in a day was designed by applying the model. 

Design NF or softening of nanofiltration or softening Industrial or municipal Surface water at... 

These systems were designed for up to 20 MPa in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis experiments. The cell volume is 190 mL. The magnetic stirrer is purchased from Amicon. The drawing is shown in Figure A2.3. 

Mallubhotla H., Hoffmann S., Schmidt M., Vente J., Belfort G. (1998), Flux enhancement during dean vortex tubular membrane nanofiltration. 10. Design, construction, and system characterisation. 

---