Nanocomposites nanospheres

The hydrothermal method has been used to prepare monodispersed ZnS (6 nm) [10] and CdS nanocrystals (16 nm) [11]. By hydrothermal polymerization and simultaneous sulfidation processes, nanocomposites CdS/poly(vinyl acetate) nanorods [12] and nanospheres [13] were synthesized. In aqueous hydrazine solutions, nonstoichiometric metal telluride nanocrystallites such as Cu2.86Te2, CuyTes, Cuy-xTe, and Ag7Te4 [14], and cubic CogSg were hydrothermally synthesized [15]. Other transition metal chalcogenides, such as single-molecular-layer M0S2 [16] and MoSey [17] were also prepared under hydrothermal conditions. 

The cellulose based materials that are used as nano-reinforcements are cellulose nanocrystals (i.e. whiskers and nanospheres), nanofibrillated cellulose, regenerated cellulose nanoparticles and electrospun nanofibers. A wide range of polymer matrices have been used to form cellulose nanocomposites. Synthetic polymers such as polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) [102], waterborne epoxy [103], waterborne polyurethane [104], polyurethane [105], poly-(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) [106], poly(oxyethylene) [107], polysiloxanes [108], polysulfonates [109], cellulose acetate butyrate [110,111], poly(caprolactone) [112], poly(viny 1 alcohol) [113] and poly (vinyl acetate) [114]. Different biopolymers such as starch-based... 

In terms of the nanomaterial morphology, specific fabrication methods for five typical conducting polymers (PPy, PANI, PT, PEDOT, PPV) have been reviewed in Sects. 4-8. It deals with nanoparticle, core-shell nanomaterials, hollow nanospheres, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanopatterns, and nanocomposites of each conducting polymer. 

U. Hafeli, Magnetic nanospheres and nanocomposites, in Dmdrimers, Assemblies, Nanocomposites, Chap. 6, pp. 283-329, R. Arshady, A. Guyot (Eds.), MML Series 5, Citus Book, London,... 

Giani E, Spamacci K, Laus M, Palamone G, Kapeliouchko V, Arcella V (2003) PTFE-poly-styrene core-shell nanospheres and nanocomposites. Macromolecules 36(12) 4360-4367 17. Antonioli D, Deregibus S, Panzarasa G, Spamacci K, Laus M, Berti L, Frezza L, Gambini M, Boarino L, Enrico E, Comoretto D (2012) PTFE-PMMA core-shell colloidal particles as building blocks for self-assembled opals synthesis, properties and optical response. Polym Int61(8) 1294... 

Polystyrene nanospheres can be also used as a specific template for the preparation of nanocomposites with organic materials. In fact, the electropolymerization can be carried out within the voids of polystyrene nanospheres giving rise to RANI honeycomb films with desirable pore size, pore wall widths, and film thickness [245]. 

Gaharwar, A.K., Rivera, C., Wu, C.J., Chan, B.K., Schmidt, G., 2013. Photocrosslinked nanocomposite hydrogels from PEG and silica nanospheres structural, mechanical and cell adhesion characteristics. Materials Science and Engineering C Materials 33, 1800—1807. 

Kinetics is another important factor in determining if a mixture of nanoparticles and polymer can form a nanocomposite. The extent of nanoparticle dispersion (e.g., exfoliation of the stacks of clay platelets, debonding of nanotube bundles, and deagglomeration of nanosphere agglomerates) in a polymer matrix is affected critically by the kinetic barriers. Such kinetic barriers often inhibit the formation of thermodynamically favorable structure. 

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