Nanocomposites from nanotubes

FIGURE 4.5 Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image of amine-modified nanotube (ANT)-reinforced ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) nanocomposite. (From George, J.J., Sengupta, R., and Bhowmick, A.K., J. Nanosci. NanotechnoL, 8, 1, 2007. Courtesy of American Scientific Publishers.)... 

FIGURE 28.20 Curves of tan S vs temperature for rubber and carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/rubber nanocomposite. (From Lopez-Manebado, M.A. et al., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 92, 3394, 2004.)... 

Jiang, L. and Gao, L., Carbon nanotubes-magnetite nanocomposites from solvothermal processes formation, characterization, and enhanced electrical properties , Chemistry of Materials, 2003, 15, 2848-2853. 

Yu P, Qian Q, Lin YQ et al (2010) In situ formation of three-dimensional uniform pt/carbon nanotube nanocomposites from ionic Uquid/carbon nanotube gel matrix with enhanced elec-trocatalytic activity toward methanol oxidation. J Phys Chem C 114 3575-3579... 

B. PhiUp, J. Xie, A. Chandrasekhar, J. Abraham, and V.K. Varadan, A novel nanocomposite from multi-waUed carbon nanotubes functionaUzed with a conducting polymer. Smart Mater. Struct., 13, 295 298 (2004). 

NR composites and nanocomposites can be fabricated by three main techniques, namely latex compounding, solution mixing and melt blending. A variety of nanofillers, such as carbon black, silica, carbon nanotubes, graphene, calcium carbonate, organomodified clay, reclaimed rubber powder, recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) powder, cellulose whiskers, starch nanocrystals, etc. have been used to reinforce NR composites and nanocomposites over the past two decades. In this chapter, we discuss the preparation and properties of NR composites and nanocomposites from the viewpoint of nanofillers. We divide nanofillers into four different types conventional fillers, natural fillers, metal or compound fillers and hybrid fillers, and the following discussion is based on this classification. 

At the same time, Peddini et al. described the preparation of nanocomposites from styrene-butadiene mbber (SBR) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). MWCNT are important nanostructures due to the exceptionally high modulus and aspect ratios there has been much interest in using them as reinforcing agents for polymer composites. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), commonly used as a tread stock for tires, is employed here as the matrix for creation of a masterbatch with oxidized MWCNT (12.3-15 wt%). These materials do not show a high level of electrical conductivity as might be expected from a percolation concept, signifying excellent tube dispersion and formation of a bound rubber layer on the discrete MWCNT [126]. 

Peddini, S.K., Bosnyak, C.P., Henderson, N.M., Ellison, C.J., Paul, D.R. Nanocomposites from styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) part 1 morphology and rheology. Polymer 55, 258-270 (2014)... 

Lin, Y. Zhou, B. Fernando, K.A.S. Allard, L.F. Sun, Y.P. (2003). Polymeric Carbon Nanocomposites from Carbon Nanotubes Functionalized with Matrix Polymer. Macromolecules, 36, 7199-7204. 

Elastomer nanocomposites with one-dimensional nanofillers have been presented in this chapter. The nature of nanofiller has been altered from nanotube to nanorod, and nanofiber with their suitable chemical modifications required for the improvement of various properties. The dispersion and morphology have been explored for... 

Paiva, M., et al. Mechanical and morphological characterization of polymer-carbon nanocomposites from functionalized carbon nanotubes.Car6o .2004, 42(14), 2849-2854. 

Lin, Y, et al. Polymeric carbon nanocomposites from carbon nanotubes functionalized with matrrx. poiymet.Macromolecules.2003, 36(19), 7199-7204. 

Chen Z., Kynard K., Zeng C., Zhang, C., and Wang B., Foaming of polymer carhon nanotube nanocomposite from the retrograde phase. SPEANTEC 2011, 69, 2678-2682. 

Yoo HJ, Jung YC, Sahoo NG, Cho JW. Electroactive shape memory polyurethane nanocomposites from in-situ polymerization with carbon nanotubes. J Macromol Sci B 2006 45 441-451. 

The focus of this report concerns nanocomposites from poly(propylene carbonate) (PPG) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). A solvent route using THF, ethoxylated non- ionic surfactants combined with sonication was found to be successful in deagglomerating and dispersing the nanotubes. The morphology and molecular mobility of the prepared nanocomposites (0.5, 3.0 and 5.0 wt% of nanotubes) were characterized by rheology, microscopy, low-field SS NMR, and electrical conductivity. The networking of nanotubes was highest with a steatyl alcohol ethoxylate surfactant, and was found to improve with the sonication... 

Multiwall carbon nanotube-nylon-6 nanocomposites from polymerization... 

Concerns regarding the toxicity and environmental effects of polymer-based nanocomposites, such as those derived from clay nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes, throughout their life cycle, from formulation, polymerisation, compounding, fabrication, use, disposal and degradation, are described. The potential of nanoparticles to enter the body by skin contact or inhalation is discussed. Accession no.927669... 

Fig. 12.3 Fabrication of the nanocomposite paper units for battery, (a) Schematic of the battery assembled by using nanocomposite film units. The nanocomposite unit comprises LiPF6 electrolyte and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) embedded inside cellulose paper. A thin extra layer of cellulose covers the top of the MWNT array. Ti/Au thin film deposited on the exposed MWNT acts as a current collector. In the battery, a thin Li electrode film is added onto the nanocomposite, (b) Cross-sectional SEM image of the nanocomposite paper showing MWNT protruding from the cel-lulose-RTIL ([bmlm] [Cl]) thin films (scale bar, 2pm). The schematic displays the partial exposure of MWNT. A supercapacitor is prepared by putting two sheets of nanocomposite paper together at the cellulose exposed side and using the MWNTs on the external surfaces as electrodes, (c) Photographs of the nanocomposite units demonstrating mechanical flexibility. Flat sheet (top), partially rolled (middle), and completely rolled up inside a capillary (bottom) are shown (See Color Plates)...

CNTs may consist of just one layer (i.e. single-walled carbon nanotubes, SWCNTs), two layers (DWCNTs) or many layers (MWCNTs) and per definition exhibit diameters in the range of 0.7 < d < 2 nm, 1 < d < 3 nm, and 1. 4 < d < 150 nm, respectively. The length of CNTs depends on the synthesis technique used (Section 1.1.4) and can vary from a few microns to a current world record of a few cm [16]. This amounts to aspect ratios (i.e. length/diameter) of up to 107, which are considerably larger than those of high-performance polyethylene (PE, Dyneema). The aspect ratio is a crucial parameter, since it affects, for example, the electrical and mechanical properties of CNT-containing nanocomposites. 

Yao, Z., et al., Polymerization from the surface of single-walled carbon nanotubes -Preparation and characterization of nanocomposites. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2003.125(51) p. 16015-16024. 

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