Poly nanocapsules

Keywords Biodegradable DNA encapsulation Interfacial polymerization Nanocapsule Poly (butylcyanoacry late)... 

In vivo bio-mineralization, the main process involved in the formation of bone tissues, has been exploited in another facile, bottom-up, self-assembling method for processing nanostructured, calcium phosphate (CaP) NPs (Loomba and Sekhon, 2015) and CaP/polymer hybrids (eg, poly(ethylene glycol)-(>-polylactide (PEG-PLA)ZCaP nanocomposites, poly(acrylic acid-fc-isoprene)/CaP hybrid nanocapsules, poly(Af-isopropylacrylamide) (PNlPAAm)/CaP) (Fig. 2.8), the later possessing dual (pH- and thermal-) responsive control over the (drug) release process (Shi et al., 2012). 

Nanocapsules of biodegradable polymers, such as PLA and PLA copolymers or poly (e-caprolactone), have been prepared by an interfacial polymer deposition mechanism [163-166], An additional component, a water-immiscible oil, is added to the drug-polymer-solvent mixture. A solution of the polymer, the drug, and a water-immiscible oil in a water-miscible solvent such as acetone is added to an external... 

N Ammoury, H Fessi, JP Devissaguet, M Allix, M Plotkine, RG Boulu. Effect on cerebral blood flow of orally administered indomethacin-loaded poly (isobutylcyanoacrylate) and poly(d,l-lactide) nanocapsules. J Pharm Pharmacol 42 558-561, 1990. 

N Ammoury, H Fessi, JP Devissaguet, M Du-brasquet, S Benita. Jejunal absorption, pharmacological activity, and pharmacokinetic evaluation of indomethacin-loaded poly(d,l-lactide) and poly(-isobutyl-cyanoacrylate) nanocapsules in rats. Pharm Res 8 101-105, 1991. 

JT Jacob-LaBarre, HE Kaufman. (1990). Investigation of pilocarpine loaded poly-butylcyanoacrylate nanocapsules in collagen shields as a drug delivery system. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31(Suppl) 485-488. 

G. M. Barratt, C. Morin, M. Appel, and I. Seyler, Intracellular delivery of a muramyl dipeptide derivative by poly(DL-lactide) nanocapsules, in In vitro and ex vivo test systems to rationalize drug design and delivery, Paris, 1993, pp. 265-268. 

J. M. Irache, M. Berrabah, P. Verite, and S. Menager, Phenobarbitone-loaded poly-curly epsilon-caprolactone nanocapsules In vitro kinetics and in vivo behaviour by the oral route, in Formulation of Poorly-Available Drugs for Oral Administration, Paris, 1996, pp. 334-337. 

Calvo et al. [63] studied ehitosan (CS)- and poly-L-lysine (PLL)-eoated poly-e-caprolactone (PECL) nanocapsules for oeular application. In comparison with commercial eye drops, the systems investigated (uncoated, PLL-coated, and CS-coated nanocapsules) significantly increased the eoneentrations of indomethacin in the cornea and aqueous humor of rabbit eyes. The ehitosan-eoated formulation doubled the ocular bioavailability of indomethacin over the uncoated partieles, whereas the PLL coating was ineffective. The authors eoneluded that the speeifie nature of CS was responsible for the enhaneed indomethaein uptake and not the positive surfaee eharge. Both the PLL- and CS-eoated nanoeapsules displayed good oeular toleranee [63]. 

Because the size of the emulsion droplets dictates the diameter of the resulting capsules, it is possible to use miniemulsions to make nanocapsules. To cite a recent example, Carlos Co and his group developed relatively monodisperse 200-nm capsules by interfacial free-radical polymerization (Scott et al. 2005). Dibutyl maleate in hexadecane was dispersed in a miniemulsion of poly(ethylene glycol)-1000 (PEG-1000) divinyl ether in an aqueous phase. They generated the miniemulsion by sonication and used an interfacially active initiator, 2,2 -azobis(A-octyl-2-methyl-propionamidine) dihydrochloride, to initiate the reaction, coupled with UV irradiation. 

Marchal-Heussler, L., et al. 1993. Poly(e-caprolactone) nanocapsules in carteolol ophthalmic delivery. Pharm Res 10 386. 

Ammoury, N., Fessi, H., et al. In vitro release kinetic pattern of indomethacin from poly(D,L-lactide) nanocapsules. J. Pharm. Sci. 79(9) 763-767, 1990. 

When the core is an oily liquid, the surrounding polymer is a single layer of polymer, and the vesicle is referred to as a nanocapsule. These systems have found utility in the encapsulation and delivery of hydrophobic drugs Polymers used for the formation of nanocapsules have typically included polyester homopolymers such as poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(caprolactone) PCL [112],... 

Aboubakar M, Puisieux F, Couvreur P, Vauthier C (1999) Physico-chemical characterization of insulin-loaded poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) nanocapsules obtained by interfacial polymerization. Int J Pharm 183(1) 63—66... 

Aboubakar et al. [47] studied the physico-chemical characterization of insulin-loaded poly(isobutyl cyanoacrylate) nanocapsules obtained by interfacial polymerization. They claimed that the large amount of ethanol used in the preparation of the nanocapsules initiated the polymerization of isobutyl cyanoacrylate and preserved the peptide from a reaction with monomer, resulting in a high encapsulation rate of insulin. From their investigations, it appears that insulin was located inside the core of the nanocapsules and not simply adsorbed onto their surface. 

As a third possibility, nanocapsules in a miniemulsion system could be achieved using different interfacial reactions in inverse miniemulsions. The formation of polyurea, polythiourea, and polyurethane nanocapsules synthesized through the polyaddition reaction has been described in detail [110-112], The size of the nanocapsules could be controlled by the amount of surfactant used and the addition time of the diisocyanate. The wall thickness was adjusted by the amount of employed monomers. dsDNA molecules were successfully encapsulated into poly-butylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanocapsules by anionic polymerization, which took place at the interface between the miniemulsion droplets and the continuous phase [113]. 

Musyanovych A, Landfester K (2008) Synthesis of poly(butylcyanoacrylate) nanocapsules by interfacial polymerization in miniemulsions for the delivery of DNA molecules. Prog Colloid Polym Sd 134 120-127... 

Chouinard, F., Buczkowski, S., and Lenaerts, V. (1994), Poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) nanocapsules Physico-chemical characterization and mechanism of formation, Pharm. Res., 11,869. 

Lambert, G, Fattal, E., Pinto-Alphandary, H., Gulik, A., and Couvereur, P. (2000), Poly-isobutylcyanoacrylate nanocapsules containing an aqueous core the delivery of oligonucleotides, Int. J. Pharm., 214,13. 

Marchal-Heussler, Sirbat D., and Hoffman, M. (1993), Poly-E-caprolactone nanocapsules in carteolol ophthalmic delivery, Pharm. Res., 10, 386-390. 

Calvo, P, Thomas, C., and Alonso, M. J. (1994), Study of the mechanism of interaction of poly-c,-caproIactone nanocapsules with the cornea by confocal laser scanning microscopy, Int. J. Pharm., 103,283-291. 

Toub, N., Angiari, C., Eboue, D., Fattal, E., Tenu, J. P., Le Doan, T., and Couvreur, P. (2005), Cellular fate of oligonucleotides when delivered by nanocapsules of poly(isobu tylcyanoacrylate),/. Controlled Release, 106(1-2), 209-213. 

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