Nano-and Microstructuring of Polymers

Christiane de Witz, Carlos Sanchez, Cees Bastiaansen, and Dirk J. Broer 

1) The symbols used in this chapter are listed at the end of the text, under Notation . 

Handbook of Polymer Reaction Engineering. Edited by T. Meyer, J. Keurentjes Copyright 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN 3-527-31014-2 

Electron beams (EBs) can also be employed for the fine-scale (tens of nanometers) patterning of polymer structures, because of their short (de Broglie) wavelength [14]. Here the charged character of the writing particles limits the resolution because of interparticle electrostatic interactions that produce scattering and 

Other non-photolithographic techniques, such as imprinting (or embossing) or cast molding, have had a large technological impact in different industrial sectors. 

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K. Polat, I. Orujalipoor, S. Ide, M. en. Nano and microstructures of SEBS/PP/wax blend membranes SAXS and WAXS analyses. Journal of Polymer Engineering 35 (2) (2015) 151-157. 

Nano and microstructured thin polymer films exhibit a wide range of applications based on the large variety of features that can be modified defining the domain of application. For instance, polymer thin films have been employed in optics, biotechnology, or the fabrication of electronic devices. However, a particular application would require well-defined thin-film characteristics, for example, surface morphology, film roughness, and uniformity. 

The AFM techniques briefly introduced above provide direct real-space access on structures and phases on all relevant length scales of hierarchical ordering of polymers. The subsequent sections shall not encompass all possible structures and examples of polymer morphology, but rather focus on selected examples that illustrate the rich information extracted from AFM. These examples include classic morphologies, as well as more recently reported polymeric nano- and microstructures. 

In this chapter, the pyrolysis of synthesized polymers, microstructure of their derived UHTC composite matrices, as well the preparation and properties of C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC composites are investigated. Preparation and microstructures of the composites were studied in part I of the paper. The ablation behaviors and mechanical properties of the composites in a ground arc-jet wind tunnel and plasma torch with temperatures above 2000 °C and heating rate around 30K/s were studied in Part II. The major aims of these studies were to evaluate the possibility of producing a nano-size dispersed ZrB -ZrC-SiC matrix using these complex polymeric precursors, which are expected to exhibit improved oxidation and ablation resistance, compared to those composites with layered or large particle incorporated UHTC matrices. 

Another important problem that has received a great deal of attention is the fixation between the implants, for example made of the apatite, and the surrounding tissues. Haque et al.142 studied synthetic HAp as a nano-biocomposite by chemical coupling with a polymer matrix. Similar investigations were presented by Jena et al. In the cited work, the problem of different microstructures of HAp... 

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