Nano-analysis

In 1994, we proposed that a metallic needle having a nano-tip at its apex be employed as a nano-light-source for microscopy attaining nanometric spatial resolution [2]. Later, we expanded the technique to Raman spectroscopy for molecular nano-identification, nano-analysis and nano-imaging. In this chapter, we give a brief introduction to local plasmons and microscopy using a metallic nano-needle to produce the local plasmons. Then, we describe the microscope that we built and... 

A nano-light-source generated on the metallic nano-tip induces a variety of optical phenomena in a nano-volume. Hence, nano-analysis, nano-identification and nanoimaging are achieved by combining the near-field technique with many kinds of spectroscopy. The use of a metallic nano-tip applied to nanoscale spectroscopy, for example, Raman spectroscopy [9], two-photon fluorescence spectroscopy [13] and infrared absorption spectroscopy [14], was reported in 1999. We have incorporated Raman spectroscopy with tip-enhanced near-field microscopy for the direct observation of molecules. In this section, we will give a brief introduction to Raman spectroscopy and demonstrate our experimental nano-Raman spectroscopy and imaging results. Furthermore, we will describe the improvement of spatial resolution... 

Analytical investigations usually concern samples which are temporally and locally invariant. This kind of analysis is denoted as bulk analysis (average analysis). On the other hand, analytical investigations can particularly be directed to characterize temporal or local dependences of the composition or structure of samples. One has to perform dynamic analysis or process analysis on the one hand and distribution analysis, local analysis, micro analysis, and nano analysis on the other. 

Deckert-Gaudiga, T. and Deckert, V. (2010) Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) and high-resolution bio nano-analysis-a comparison. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 12, 12040-12049. 

Specs Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, Berlin, Germany. 

Merz, Rolf. Nano-analysis with Electron Spectroscopic Methods Principle, Instrumentation, and... 

The last problem is relative to the crystallographie phases. They are often deduced from electron diffraction patterns (EDP s). Various phenomena whieh oeeurred in the course of the study of thin samples are sometimes badly known, or else the patterns can be misinterpreted and the indexation becomes wholly wrong. Reeently Z. Li et al. (1988) have claimed to the formation of new polymorphic erbium oxide phases. These were in fact the well-known ErH2, C- and B-Er203 compounds (Gasgnier 1980, 1990). Other misinterpretations result from decided opinions on chemical reactivity, phase transitions, compound formation (as Lu(OH)4 for example) (Gasgnier 1991). .. and/or on disorder between two crystallographic phases. The rare earth series display basie chemical and physical properties which are now well established. Moreover, the new micro- (and even nano-) analysis apparatus should be used in a systematic way to insure accurate determination of the specific properties of the materials. 

One of the new trends in chemical analysis appeared in the last decade is that the miniaturization. It becomes apparent in the miniaturization of analytical devices, separation procedures, measuring tools, analyzing samples and as a consequent the term micro have appeared. Further development of this trend have led to transfer from the term micro to nano one (nanoparticles, nanofluides, nanoprobes, nanoelectrodes, nanotubes, nanoscale, nanobarcode, nanoelectrospray, nanoreactors, etc). Thereupon a nanoscale films produced by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique are proposed for modifying of chemical sensors. 

EXTENDING SURFACE ANALYSIS OF NEW MOSFETS BASED ON NANO AND MKM SCALED CDW PHOSPHATE AND OXIDE BRONZES... 

There are still other surface analysis techniques including ellipsometry, surface enhanced Raman scattering, light scattering, nano-hardness measurements etc. which are used for specific investigations. It is, however, already evident from this discussion that many new and powerful techniques now are available which offer the capability of investigating various aspects of polymer surfaces on a molecular level. Some of those techniques are surface specific while others can be used for the analysis of buried interfaces, too. 

Zhang, C. H., Numerical Analysis on Tribological Performances of Lubricating Film in the Nano Scale," Ph.D. thesis, Beijing Tsinghua University, 2002 (in Chinese). 

Other key features in the analysis of pore structure are the length scales associated with the various micro- (nano)-scale obstacles and pores, the possible larger-scale variations in structure, and the averaging domain over which information is needed [6,341,436], The hterature refers to analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media, where homogeneous refers to media with no variation in physical properties (e.g., porosity, diffu-... 

Figure 2.3 Numerical analysis of a nano-light-source generated by a metallic nano-tip. (a) Model for numerical analysis, (b) Intensity distribution of light scattered by the metallic nano-tip.

ESI and APCI are soft ionisation techniques which usually result in quasi-molecular ions such as [M + H]+ with little or no fragmentation molecular weight information can easily be obtained. However, experimental conditions can also be chosen in such a way that a sufficiently characteristic pattern is obtained, allowing verification [540]. ESI is amenable to thermally labile and nonvolatile molecules. Both ESI and APCI are much more sensitive than PB and very well suited for quantitative analysis, but less so for unknown samples. The choice among the two is usually determined by the application. Recently, nanoscale LC-ESI-MS has been developed [541]. The nano-electrospray ion source offers the highest sensitivity available for LC-MS (atto-to femtomole range) and can also be used as an off-line ion source. 

Nagele, E., Vollmer, M., Horth, P. (2004). Improved 2D nano-LC/MS for proteomics applications a comparative analysis using yeast proteome. J. Biomol. Tech. 15, 134—143. 

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