Naming carbon chains

The IUPAC name of an organic compound is composed of three parts. 

There are four key steps in naming organic compounds. 

Functional group priorities carboxylic acid acid chloride aldehyde nitrile ketone alcohol amine halide 

Di- or tri- is used in the prefix or suffix to indicate the presence of two or three of the minor or major functional groups (or substituents), respectively. Examples 

The position of the double or triple bond is indicated by the number of the lowest carbon atom in the alkene or alkyne. 

When a hydrogen atom is removed from a benzene ring this gives a phenyl confuse Ph with pH 

It is useful to draw a benzene ring as alternating C=C and C—C bonds as this helps to keep track of electron movement in reaction mechanisms (Section 7.2) 

A primary (or 1 °) carbon is bonded to one other carbon A secondary (or 2°) carbon Is bonded to two other carbons A tertiary (or 3°) carbon Is bonded to three other carbons A quaternary (or 4°) carbon Is bonded to four other carbons 

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Monohydnc alcohols are named by adding -01 to a molecular skeleton name. Carbon chains, unsaturation, etc., are numbered in a manner analogous to that used for carboxylic adds. (See preceding section.)... 

Common Name Carbon Chain Melt Point (°C)... 

Pick out the longest continuous carbon chain and find the lUPAC name m Table 2 2 that corresponds to the unbranched alkane having that number of carbons This is the parent alkane from which the lUPAC name is to be derived... 

The same sequence of four steps gives the lUPAC name for the isomer that has Its methyl group attached to the middle carbon of the five carbon chain... 

Notice that because they define the ends of the carbon chain in 2 phenylbutanedial the aldehyde positions are not designated by numerical locants in the name... 

Secondary and tertiary amines are named as N substituted derivatives of primary amines The parent primary amine is taken to be the one with the longest carbon chain The prefix N is added as a locant to identify substituents on the ammo nitrogen as needed... 

Isopropyl group (Section 2 13) The group (CH3)2CH— Isotactic polymer (Section 7 15) A stereoregular polymer in which the substituent at each successive chirality center is on the same side of the zigzag carbon chain Isotopic cluster (Section 13 22) In mass spectrometry a group of peaks that differ in m/z because they incorporate differ ent isotopes of their component elements lUPAC nomenclature (Section 2 11) The most widely used method of naming organic compounds It uses a set of rules proposed and periodically revised by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry... 

Prefixes and Affixes. Prefixes are arranged alphabetically and placed before the parent name multiplying affixes, if necessary, are inserted and do not alter the alphabetical order already attained. The parent name includes any syllables denoting a change of ring member or relating to the structure of a carbon chain. Nondetachable parts of parent names include... 

Because the rules for organic nomenclature determine the priority of naming different carbon chains from their relative lengths, the systematic names for type AABB polyamides depend on the relative length of the carbon chains between the amide nitrogens and the two carbonyl functions of the polymer for aUphatic nylon-Ayy, when x < the lUPAC name is poly[imino-R imino(l2y-dioxo-R )]. When x > then the name is... 

In some particularly complex cases, a fifth step is necessary. It occasionally happens that a substituent on the main chain has sub-branching. In the following case, for instance, the substituent at C6 is a three-carbon chain with a methyl sub-branch. To name the compound fully, the complex substituent must first be named. 

Find the longest continuous carbon chain in the molecule, and use that as the parent name. This molecule has a chain of eight carbons--octane—with two methyl substituents. (You have to turn corners to see it.) Numbering from the end nearer the first ntelhvl substituent indicates that the methvls are al C2 and C6... 

Name the parent hydrocarbon. Find the longest carbon chain containing the double bond, and name the compound accordingly, using the suffix -me ... 

Rule 1 Select the longest carbon chain containing the hydroxy) group, and derive the parent name by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -ol. The -c is deleted to prevent the occurrence of two adjacent vowels propanol rather than propaneol, for example. 

As the name suggests, LABs consist of a benzene nucleus to which an alkyl chain is bound. The alkyl chain shows a distribution of carbon chain lengths dependent on the cut of the starting material, while point of attachment to the benzene ring (phenyl isomer distribution) is governed to a large extent by the manufacturing process. 

The names of branched-chain hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are based on the name of the longest continuous carbon chain in the molecule (which may not be shown in a horizontal line). 

Aldehydes and ketones For aldehydes, identify the parent hydrocarbon include the C of—CHO in the count of carbon atoms. Then change the final -e of the hydrocarbon name to -al. The C in the —CHO group is always carbon l, at the end of a carbon chain, and is not explicitly numbered. For ketones, change the -e of the parent hydrocarbon to -one and number the chain in the order that gives the carbonyl group the lower number. Thus, CH3CH2CH2COCH3 is 2-pentanone. 

When naming the parent of the componnd, we are looking for the chain of carbon atoms that is going to be the root of onr name. Everything else in the compound is connected to that chain at a specific location, designated by numbers. So we need to know how to choose the parent carbon chain and how to number it correctly. 

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